双向地震作用对台阶型加筋边坡动力响应的影响

以我国西南部一实际工程为背景,分析了双向地震作用下台阶型加筋边坡的动力响应特点及规律。利用经过验证的PLAXIS有限元分析方法,首先在不同地震强度下,对比了水平及双向地震分别作用后加筋边坡的动力响应,然后研究了竖向地震的影响。结果表明,地震作用下,填土的塑性变形呈弥散型分布,随着竖向地震分量的增大,加筋土体横向变形增大,筋材内力提高,同时,竖向地震的震动压实作用使土体侧向围压提高,土体发生硬化,刚度增加,坡面横向位移减小;随着竖向地震分量进一步增大,土体硬化改变了边坡自振特性,在本研究地震激励下,加筋土体动力响应加剧,上坡有发生整体剪切破坏的趋势,并向外偏转,坡面横向位移增大。竖向地震对边坡动力响应的影响随地震强度的增大变得明显。     

考虑物种权重校验保护太湖水生生物的铅基准

铅是一种有毒重金属元素,位列我国水中优先控制污染物"黑名单".我国水系众多,水生生物多样,研究保护区域水生生物的铅基准十分必要.太湖作为中国周边经济最发达、大中城市最密集且污染最严重的淡水湖泊之一,本研究选取8种太湖本土水生生物实验补充铅的急性毒性数据并两步外推得到慢性毒性数据.结合文献建立铅的本土毒性数据库,基于水体硬度对铅毒性的影响,建立硬度和毒性关系.考虑太湖生物区系和水质特征,采用物种权重敏感度分布方法,得到保护太湖水生生物铅的最大浓度基准值(CMC)和持续浓度基准值(CCC)值分别为50.04—58.87μg·L~(-1)和3.99—4.69μg·L~(-1);现行地表水铅的Ⅲ类标准限值(50μg·L~(-1))下受铅急性毒性和慢性毒性影响的生物比例分别为4.42%和23.00%.     

机械制造企业安全现状模糊综合评价

为完善机械制造企业安全现状综合评价指标体系及评价方法,建立了包括人、物、环、管四个方面的机械制造企业安全现状综合评价指标体系,提出了模糊综合评价方法;运用层次分析法计算指标权重,采用专家评价和隶属度函数相结合的方法来确定各指标的评语等级隶属度;将该方法应用于湖南某汽车制造企业的安全现状综合评价中,得出企业安全现状等级为较好,明确了该企业在人员素质和作业环境方面存在的不足,为制定安全对策措施提供了指导。     

城市道路积尘PM 2.5碳组分春秋季节差异分析

为了解城市道路积尘PM 2.5中碳组分春秋季节差异,利用样方法采集石家庄市4种不同类型道路积尘PM 2.5样品,测定有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)浓度并分析。结果表明:OC,EC在积尘PM 2.5中平均浓度春季为86.77,12.11 mg/g,秋季为119.70,9.44 mg/g,秋季OC浓度大于春季,EC相反;OC/EC为6.4~7.9(春季)和11.36~17.49(秋季),存在严重的二次污染,秋季明显高于春季。与国内不同地区对比发现,石家庄市道路积尘中碳质颗粒物污染严重。主成分分析发现春季积尘中的碳主要来自于汽油车与柴油车尾气排放、道路降尘的沉积,而秋季则增加了生物质燃烧、燃煤排放的影响。     

环境温度对化学防护服气密性能影响研究

为研究不同温度条件对化学防护服（CPC）气密性的影响,以3种不同材质（聚乙烯、丙烯、氯化丁基橡胶）的化学防护服为研究对象,利用气密性测试仪和环境实验舱,在10~66 ℃温度条件下处理2 h后,分析环境温度对3种化学防护服样品气密性能影响。研究结果表明:不同环境工况处理后化学防护服气密性能在10~25 ℃段上升,在25~50 ℃段下降;聚乙烯材质化学防护服失效温度为66 ℃,其他2种材质的服装失效温度为50 ℃。研究可为防护装备环境适应性测试评价提供技术支撑。     

江苏南京地区蜻蜓目(Odonata)昆虫区系及多样性分析

2005～2008年对江苏南京地区的蜻蜓资源进行了调查,共发现蜻蜓目昆虫45种,隶属于8科29属。其区系组成的特点是：东洋成分占明显优势,有13种,约占总数的2889%;古北区的种类相对较少,只有5种,约占总数的1111%。研究分析了7个样地蜻蜓的物种丰富度多样性指数(〖WTBX〗H′)、均匀度指数(J)、优势度指数(D)和相似性系数(Cs〖WTBZ〗)。结果发现：蜻蜓物种丰富度由大到小的顺序为紫金山(30)=老山(30)>将军山(24)>江心洲(19)>方山(18)>东庐山(13)>金牛湖(9);各样地的多样性指数排序为将军山(2.9298)>紫金山(2.9150)>老山(2.7258)>方山(2.6574)>江心洲(2.5478)>东庐山(1.9025)>金牛湖(1.6700)。其中,方山与东庐山的相似性系数最大(0.7742),金牛湖分别与紫金山和老山的相似性系数最小(0.4103)。     

Understanding of regional air pollution over China using CMAQ,part I performance evaluation and seasonal variation

The U.S. EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with the process analysis tool is applied to China to study the seasonal variations and formation mechanisms of major air pollutants. Simulations show distinct seasonal variations, with higher surface concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM₁₀), column mass of carbon monoxide (CO) and NO₂, and aerosol optical depth (AOD) in winter and fall than other seasons, and higher 1-h O₃ and troposphere ozone residual (TOR) in spring and summer than other seasons. Higher concentrations of most species occur over the eastern China, where the air pollutant emissions are the highest in China. Compared with surface observations, the simulated SO₂, NO₂, and PM₁₀ concentrations are underpredicted throughout the year with NMBs of up to ?51.8%, ?32.0%, and ?54.2%, respectively. Such large discrepancies can be attributed to the uncertainties in emissions, simulated meteorology, and deviation of observations based on air pollution index. Max. 1-h O₃ concentrations in Jan. and Jul. at 36-km are overpredicted with NMBs of 12.0% and 19.3% and agree well in Apr. and Oct. Simulated column variables can capture the high concentrations over the eastern China and low values in the central and western China. Underpredictions occur over the northeastern China for column CO in Apr., TOR in Jul., and AODs in both Apr. and Jul.; and overpredictions occur over the eastern China for column CO in Oct., NO₂ in Jan. and Oct., and AODs in Jan. and Oct. The simulations at 12-km show a finer structure in simulated concentrations than that at 36-km over higher polluted areas, but do not always give better performance than 36-km. Surface concentrations are more sensitive to grid resolution than column variables except for column NO₂, with higher sensitivity over mountain and coastal areas than other regions.     

Seasonal variation in long-range transported dust to a subtropical islet offshore northern Taiwan: Chemical composition and Sr isotopic evidence in rainwater

We investigated chemical and Sr isotopic composition of monthly rainwater collected on Peng-Chia-Yu (PCY) in northern Taiwan. Rainwater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, Na/Cl, Ca/Cl, Sr/Cl, Sr/Ca, NH₄/Cl, NO₃/Cl, SO₄/Cl and Na/Sr, showed clear seasonal cycles, reflecting mixture of loess carbonates (high Ca/Sr and more radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and seawater (low Ca/Sr and intermediate ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr). Model results showed that the former source contributes up to 45% during the winter monsoon period, but seawater is the dominant Sr source in rainwater (>50%) at other times. Two anomalously low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values occurred in July and August 1998, coinciding with the Merapi eruption in Indonesia. Air-mass backward trajectories and the geochemical and isotopic compositions in rainwater and Merapi lava (i.e. Ca/Sr = 100 and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.705400) suggested that the Merapi eruption delivered ash across the western equatorial Pacific to PCY. Aerosols leaching experiments were conducted to examine the impact of the 1998 eruption, demonstrating that only a minor terrestrial signature can be extracted by distilled water, implying rapid dispatch of volcanic gases or high-efficiency dissolution of ash related substance in acidic rains.     

溶藻放线菌改性制剂对铜绿微囊藻的控藻能力研究

采用喷雾干燥法制备了一种溶藻放线菌粉剂,此粉剂按1∶10 000的质量比投加4 d后对铜绿微囊藻的溶藻效率可达90%,该粉剂经过壳聚糖改性处理后,在1∶20 000的质量投加比下,0.5 h即可絮凝去除90%的藻细胞,4 d后的溶藻效率仍可达80%。由于既能快速絮凝除藻,又能长效溶藻,使得改性溶藻放线菌粉剂具有更为广阔的应用前景。