基于DTT法测量广州市区PM2.5的氧化潜势

大气颗粒物氧化潜势（Oxidative potential）常用于表征颗粒物对人体健康的影响.二硫苏糖醇（DTT）法是近年发展的一种测定颗粒物氧化潜势的方法,本研究改进了该方法的颗粒物提取方式和反应流程,并开展了广州市区PM_2.5氧化潜势（DTT_m&DTT_v）的测量.结果表明,广州市区2018年1月和4月PM_2.5的DTT_m值分别为（13.47±3.86）,（14.66±4.49）pmol/（min·μg）,DTT_v值分别为（4.67±1.06）,（4.45±1.02）nmol/（min·m³）,与国内外研究结果相当.DTT_v与PM_2.5质量浓度、OC、EC、BC具有较强的相关性,但DTT_m与以上参数相关性低,说明含碳组分不是广州市PM_2.5氧化潜势的主要贡献者.     

Pilot-scale experiments on multilevel contact oxidation treatment of poultry farm wastewater using saran lock carriers under different operation model

A pilot-scale multilevel contact oxidation reactors system, coupled with saran lock carriers,was applied for the treatment of poultry farm wastewater. The removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen as well as the elimination performance of CODcr and total nitrogen along the three-level contact oxidation tanks under six designed operational models were investigated. Based on the performance of the nitrogen removal of the saran lock carriers and the distribution of anoxic–aerobic interspace under the suitable operation model, the mechanism of nitrogen removal of the system was also explored. The results revealed that the intermittent aeration under parallel model is the most suitable operation model, while the removal efficiencies of CODcr, ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 86.86%, 84.04%, and 80.96%, respectively. The effluent concentration of CODcr,ammonia, and the total nitrogen were 55.6 mg/L, 8.3 mg/L, and 12.0 mg/L, which satisfy both the discharge standard of pollutants for livestock and poultry breeding industry(GB18596–2001) and the first grade of the integrated wastewater discharge standard(GB 8978–1996). Moreover, the mechanism for the nitrogen removal should be attributed to the plenty of anoxic–aerobic interspaces of the biofilm and the three-dimensional spiral structure of the saran lock carriers, where the oxygen-deficient distribution was suitable for the happening of the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process. Therefore, the multilevel contact oxidation tanks system is an effective pathway for the treatment of the poultry farm wastewater on the strength of a suitable operation model and novel carriers.     

Morphology and composition of particles emitted from a port fuel injection gasoline vehicle under real-world driving test cycles

Traffic vehicles, many of which are powered by port fuel injection (PFI) engines, are major sources of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere. We studied particles from the emission of a commercial PFI-engine vehicle when it was running under the states of cold start, hot start, hot stabilized running, idle and acceleration, using a transmission electron microscope and an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. Results showed that the particles were mainly composed of organic, soot, and Ca-rich particles, with a small amount of S-rich and metal-containing particles, and displayed a unimodal size distribution with the peak at 600?nm. The emissions were highest under the cold start running state, followed by the hot start, hot stabilized, acceleration, and idle running states. Organic particles under the hot start and hot stabilized running states were higher than those of other running states. Soot particles were highest under the cold start running state. Under the idle running state, the relative number fraction of Ca-rich particles was high although their absolute number was low. These results indicate that PFI-engine vehicles emit substantial primary particles, which favor the formation of secondary aerosols via providing reaction sites and reaction catalysts, as well as supplying soot, organic, mineral and metal particles in the size range of the accumulation mode. In addition, the contents of Ca, P, and Zn in organic particles may serve as fingerprints for source apportionment of particles from PFI-engine vehicles.     

北京怀柔O3污染过程初始VOCs浓度特征及来源分析

为了解北京怀柔区夏季典型O₃污染过程中初始VOCs（挥发性有机物）浓度（以φ计）的特征,识别其关键物种及主要来源,于2016年8月3-11日在中国科学院大学雁栖湖校区教学楼顶开展强化观测,利用光化学物种比值法和连续反应模型法测算观测期间大气初始φ（VOCs）,采用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法估算初始VOCs的OFP（O₃生成潜势）,识别关键物种,并应用PMF（正交矩阵因子）模型对初始VOCs的来源进行解析.结果表明:北京怀柔区O₃污染过程中初始φ（VOCs）平均值为25.27×10-9,如忽略化学损失,φ（VOCs）将被低估约18.6%.初始VOCs的总OFP值为144.6×10-9,VOCs物种对总OFP贡献率的顺序依次为醛酮类>烯烃>芳香烃>烷烃,异戊二烯、乙醛、己醛、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯、乙烯、丙烯、1,2,4-三甲苯、丁酮、1,3,5-三甲苯是怀柔区O₃形成的关键活性物种.PMF解析结果显示,机动车尾气源对初始φ（VOCs）的贡献率（23.5%）最高,其次是溶剂使用源（18.3%）、植物排放源（18.1%）、工业过程源（17.6%）、生物质燃烧源（12.1%）和煤炭燃烧源（10.5%）.研究显示,在北京怀柔区典型O₃污染过程中,减少机动车尾气源、溶剂使用源、上风向工业过程源的排放是控制怀柔区VOCs的有效措施,而控制异戊二烯、乙醛、己醛、间/对-二甲苯、甲苯等关键活性物种则是有效抑制VOCs排放对O₃生成贡献的重要手段.      

兰州市典型企业VOCs排放特征及反应活性分析

基于兰州市大气VOCs排放清单,选取石化厂、乙烯厂、涂料厂3个典型企业采集VOCs样品,分析其无组织排放特征,并采用MIR（最大增量反应活性）法和LOH（·OH反应速率）法综合评价其化学反应活性,识别各企业的VOCs活性优势物种,同时探究不同企业特征VOCs比值.结果表明:不同排放源φ（VOCs）差异较大,范围为20.8×10-9~6 520.3×10-9.从VOCs物种构成上来看,涂料厂芳香烃占比最高,而石化厂、乙烯厂均以烷烃物种最为丰富,石化厂不同工艺VOCs物种构成略有差异.从活性上看,涂料厂VOCs活性最高,其LOH和OFP（臭氧生成潜势）分别为2 676.9 s-1和72 519.0×10-9,约为其他行业的18~1 000倍,间/对-二甲苯、乙苯、邻二甲苯等物种活性较大;其次为石化厂,其LOH和OFP分别为273.2 s-1和4 039.1×10-9,正戊烷、异戊烷、乙烯、丙烯等物种活性贡献率高,其中柴油工艺对石化厂VOCs活性贡献率最大;乙烯厂的OFP最低,其LOH和OFP分别为4.6 s-1和69.7×10-9,其VOCs活性主要来自乙烯、丙烯、正丁烯等烯烃物种.各工业源BTEX（苯、甲苯、乙苯及3种二甲苯异构体的合称）分布具有一定的差异,对于指示不同VOCs来源有一定的参考价值,但不同源比值的重叠性也表明并非全部VOCs来源可以通过特征物种比值来区分.研究显示,控制工业源特别是涂料与石化工业VOCs的排放有助于控制兰州市O₃的生成.      

辽东湾潜在褐潮生物时空分布及环境关联

以18S rDNA V4区作为目标基因,利用自行设计的真核浮游植物鉴定引物V4（F/R）,结合高通量测序技术,对辽东湾2014年四季海水中真核浮游植物多样性进行了检测.结果发现了8种潜在褐潮生物：抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻、微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻、细小微胞藻、密球藻、普通小球藻、钙质角毛藻,其中前2种生态风险较高,主要分布在辽东湾西南、东南两侧.除抑食金球藻和细小微胞藻为混合营养型外,其他6种均为自养型.细小微胞藻丰度最高（平均161445个/L）,主要分布在秋季;其次是抑食金球藻、金牛微球藻（平均13912,13717个/L）,主要分布在春季;之后为钙质角毛藻、普通小球藻（平均5498,5234个/L）,主要分布在秋季;密球藻（平均1345个/L）,主要分布在夏季;微拟球藻、颗粒微拟球藻最少（平均56,44个/L）,冬季无分布.辽东湾潜在褐潮生物丰度与水温、水深、无机氮、N/P显著相关,其群落结构演替与环境因子关联性有待于进一步研究.     

广州市天河区2016年雨季挥发性有机物污染特征及来源解析

采用"GCMS/FID"在线分析方法,对广州市区2016年7月大气VOCs的污染特征及来源进行了研究,共检出了73种VOCs组分.结果表明,观测期间总VOCs的小时平均浓度为（118.83±79.40）μg·m^-3,最高值为492.42 μg·m^-3,最低值为10.54 μg·m^-3.07：00左右TVOC浓度出现高峰,说明早高峰的机动车污染对该站点的VOCs具有较大贡献;14：00左右浓度最低,与光化学损耗相关;21：00~24：00间VOCs浓度又出现高值,可能和污染源排放或边界层压缩有关.运用PMF模型解析出VOCs的5个主要来源分别是：交通污染源、溶剂使用污染、加油站污染、植物排放和餐厨废气,其贡献分别为29.79%、26.61%、24.86%、9.91%、8.84%;白天交通废气源贡献最大,而中午植物排放的贡献也明显增大;夜间溶剂污染源和加油站污染源占比上升,为该时段VOCs的主要来源.     

Enzyme-electrolytic degradation of dichloromethane: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

Enzymatic electrolysis cell(EEC) has advantages over microbial electrolysis cell(MEC) due to the needless of microbe inoculation and high-efficiency of enzymatic reaction. In this study, an EEC was first applied to achieve the effective degradation of halogenated organic pollutants and dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2) was utilized as a model pollutant. The results indicate that the degradation efficiency of CH_2Cl_2 after 2 hr reaction in the EEC was almost100%, which was significantly higher than that with enzyme(51.1%) or current(19.0%). The current induced the continuous regeneration of reduced glutathione(GSH), thus CH_2Cl_2 was degraded under the catalysis of GSH-dependent dehalogenase through stepwise dechlorination, and successively formed monochloromethane(CH_3Cl) and methane(CH_4). The kinetic result shows that with a current of 15 mA, the maximum specific degradation rate of CH_2Cl_2(3.77 × 10~(-3) hr~(-1)) was increased by 5.7 times. The optimum condition for CH_2Cl_2 dechlorination was also obtained with pH, current and temperature of 7.0, 15 mA and 35°C,respectively. Importantly, this study helps to understand the behavior of enzymes and the fate of halogenated organic pollutants with EEC, providing a possible treatment technology for halogenated organic pollutants.     

基于GIS格网化分析支撑的旅游空间规划技术方法研究——以青岛市为例

空间规划是支撑旅游地发展规划的核心章节,目前主要依靠规划者经验判断,主观性较强,缺乏客观方面的信息数据支持。论文将GIS格网化与旅游资源评价模型相结合,提出了旅游资源单体采集、旅游资源格网化及其空间分析方法,并融合旅游资源群评价模型、旅游功能区识别模型、旅游线路和空间发展轴线识别模型予以支撑,形成了标准化的旅游资源采集、评价到空间识别的集成技术方法;并以青岛市为例,识别出了旅游资源集群及其发展潜力、旅游功能区和空间拓展轴线,确立了“一心、一带、三轴、五区”的空间发展格局。论文初步探讨了GIS格网化空间分析方法在区域旅游规划中的应用,能够补充传统定性评价方法客观性不足的缺陷,实现复杂旅游资源数据的单体评价、旅游资源集群评价、旅游功能区识别、旅游线路和空间发展轴线优选的系列化分析技术路线,可为延伸旅游规划深度、提高规划精度提供科学参考。     

酰胺基两性分子对二硫化钨吸附铀容量的影响机制

含铀废水中铀的回收主要是基于材料与[UO₂(H₂O)₅]²⁺中UO₂ ²⁺之间的络合,但H₂O的电偶极矩对络合有显著弱化作用。采用酰胺基两性分子N,N-二甲基-9-癸烯酰胺（NADA）氢键作用与[UO₂(H₂O)₅]²⁺形成UO₂[(H₂O)_xC₁₂H₂₃NO]_n ^*（x<5,UO₂-Coordination Compound,简称UO₂-CC）,选取惰性物质WS₂为吸附材料,通过静态吸附试验（不同pH、接触时间、浓度和温度）分别研究其对UO₂ ²⁺和UO₂-CC的吸附量。动力学拟合结果表明,二者的吸附反应是化学吸附过程,UO₂ ²⁺经NADA重构后,吸附时间从240 min缩短至180 min,准二级动力学吸附常数提高1.35倍。等温吸附研究结果表明,WS₂与UO₂-CC络合过程符合Langmuir吸附等温模型,且NADA的加入使吸附由自发吸热过程转变为自发放热过程,吸附反应过程有序度增加。NADA原位重构[UO₂(H₂O)₅]²⁺后,WS₂对UO₂ ²⁺的平衡吸附量由45.03 mg/g（WS₂/UO₂ ²⁺体系）提高到122.14 mg/g（WS₂/UO₂-CC体系）。采用光谱分析（X射线光电子能谱法）从分子水平深入研究NADA原位重构[UO₂(H₂O)₅]²⁺后在WS₂上的吸附机制,揭示静电、氢键和U—S共价键等作用力对吸附的贡献,特别是NADA的氢键作用。