春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对乌鲁木齐市区PM2.5及其组分影响分析

为了解春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对乌鲁木齐市区PM2.5及其组分的影响,利用超级站在线监测仪器(包括颗粒物分析仪、在线离子色谱、激光雷达和重金属分析仪)对环境空气中的PM2.5浓度、颗粒物水溶性离子和重金属浓度进行连续监测.结果表明,大量烟花爆竹的集中燃放造成了PM2.5短时严重污染,最高质量浓度达到了423μg/m3.烟花...     

Greenhouse gas emissions from MSW incineration in China: Impacts of waste characteristics and energy recovery

Determination of the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted during municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is complex because both contributions and savings of GHGs exist in the process. To identify the critical factors influencing GHG emissions from MSWI in China, a GHG accounting model was established and applied to six Chinese cities located in different regions. The results showed that MSWI in most of the cities was the source of GHGs, with emissions of 25–207 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. Within all process stages, the emission of fossil CO₂ from the combustion of MSW was the main contributor (111–254 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw), while the substitution of electricity reduced the GHG emissions by 150–247 kg CO₂-eq t^?1 rw. By affecting the fossil carbon content and the lower heating value of the waste, the contents of plastic and food waste in the MSW were the critical factors influencing GHG emissions of MSWI. Decreasing food waste content in MSW by half will significantly reduce the GHG emissions from MSWI, and such a reduction will convert MSWI in Urumqi and Tianjin from GHG sources to GHG sinks. Comparison of the GHG emissions in the six Chinese cities with those in European countries revealed that higher energy recovery efficiency in Europe induced much greater reductions in GHG emissions. Recovering the excess heat after generation of electricity would be a good measure to convert MSWI in all the six cities evaluated herein into sinks of GHGs.     

“生物墙”对废水处理技术的研究

生物墙是一种高效、无动力、无运行费用的生化处理技术,应用于人工湿地污水处理,可对比较难处理的废水进行深度处理而且取得良好的处理效果,同时运行费用低。     

Seasonal trend of ambient PCDD/Fs in Tianjin City, northern China using active sampling strategy

The spatial concentrations, seasonal trends, profiles and congener pairs of ambient polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were investigated within a seasonally active sampling scheme during Jun 2008 and Jan 2009 in Tianjin City, northern China. The PCDD/F concentrations ranged 14.2-172 fg I-TEQ/m³ (average 69.3 fg I-TEQ/m³) in summer and (89.8-1.01) × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ (average 509 fg I-TEQ/m³) in winter, respectively, except for the E-waste dismantling site where much higher values were observed (1.04 × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ in summer and 7.123 × 10³ fg I-TEQ/m³ in winter). The results indicated a significantly seasonal trend with higher TEQ values in winter as compared with summer, which could be related to increased emission sources and seasonal variations of the atmospheric boundary layer height. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to the total PCDD/F toxic equivalents, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD was detected at almost all the sampling sites in winter. Most of the similarly substituted PCDD/F congener pairs exhibited high correlations, suggesting that they might have similar environmental fate or sources. But different seasonal and spatial distributions of PCDD/F concentrations indicated that the emission sources might be intermittent.     

藻类水华对太湖梅梁湾不同粒径有机组分结构的影响

运用过滤和切向流超滤系统,分离得到2009年8月至2010年8月每月的太湖梅梁湾不同粒径水体有机物,测定了水体中颗粒态有机碳,高分子量和低分子量可溶解性有机碳的含量,并同步分析了叶绿素浓度,水体中各种有机物的碳氮比值和中性单糖含量.对不同形态有机碳浓度的比较发现颗粒态有机碳是太湖碳存在的主要形式.统计分析结果表明叶绿素浓度与颗粒态有机碳之间具有显著的相关性,说明浮游植物是颗粒态有机物的主要来源.此外高分子量可溶性有机物的碳氮比值和中性单糖含量均相对较高,这表明该有机碳的生物可利用性比其它形态的水体有机碳高.     

1980—2010年温榆河的水环境质量时空演变特征

以温榆河流域的主要超标污染物 COD 和氨氮为研究对象,通过历史数据和现场调查,系统研究了1980—2010年间温榆河的水环境质量时空演变特征.结果表明,温榆河流域水环境质量经历了清洁-污染-重度污染-污染遏制的过程,但水质现状均不达标;温榆河流域水环境质量好坏依次是上段>下段,温榆河>坝河>清河,并且Pearson相关分析表明,温榆河下段COD和NH+4-N浓度主要受清河影响;温榆河流域COD污染逐步遏制(超标倍数<1)、NH+4-N污染凸显(超标倍数8～20),耗氧物质处于从COD为主向NH+4-N为主转换的阶段;支流清河和坝河不仅是温榆河干流入河污染负荷的首要输入途径,而且支流上污水集中处理设施的排水是温榆河干流的首要补给来源(70.1%),其运行状况与升级改造对改善温榆河水环境质量至关重要.     

重庆三峡库区非点源污染评价与影响因子分析

选取重庆三峡库区4个行政建制镇进行非点源污染监测与调查,以COD、TN、TP、Cu、Zn等指标为主要研究内容对库区农村环境进行污染特性分析并且利用等标污染负荷法对其生活污水、生活垃圾、畜禽养殖、水产养殖、化肥流失、农药流失、水土流失等污染源进行非点源污染评价。结果表明:COD、TN、TP、Cu、Zn的平均排放浓度分别为22.15 mg/L、6.37 mg/L、1.49 mg/L、47.73 g/kg、85.24 g/kg,库区主要污染物依次为TN、TP、COD、Cu、Zn等,主要污染源依次是畜禽养殖、化肥流失、生活污水、生活垃圾、农药流失、水土流失、水产养殖等。采用SPSS软件对影响库区环境污染的季节、收入水平、地域、畜禽养殖规模、环境基础设施完善程度等因子进行了分析,结果显示:COD主要影响因子是地域和畜禽养殖规模,TN主要影响因子是季节、地域和畜禽养殖规模,TP主要影响因子是环境基础设施完善程度、畜禽养殖规模和地域,Cu、Zn主要影响因子均是畜禽养殖规模。该研究可为重庆三峡库区生态修复、城乡统筹下的城乡规划及产业布局提供理论基础。     

餐厨垃圾综合资源化处理技术实例研究

在目前餐厨垃圾处理现状基础上,介绍了一种餐厨垃圾处理工艺,采用机械生物处理技术,包括收运系统、粉碎分选预处理、厌氧发酵生物处理、沼气热电联供、有机堆肥、废水处理、除臭系统多个环节,分离出油脂进行回收,垃圾厌氧发酵产生沼气发电,沼渣进行堆肥,以期实现餐厨垃圾减量化、无害化、资源化,解决"垃圾猪"、"地沟油"问题。