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981.
Michael Ahlheim Benchaphun Ekasingh Jirawan Kitchaicharoen Andreas Neef Chapika Sangkapitux 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2010,53(2):163-182
Although contingent valuation is the dominant technique for the valuation of public projects, especially in the environmental sector, the high costs of contingent valuation surveys prevent the use of this method for the assessment of relatively small projects. The reason for this cost problem is that typically only contingent valuation studies which are based on face-to-face interviews are accepted as leading to valid results. Particularly in countries with high wages, face-to-face surveys are extremely costly considering that for a valid contingent valuation study a minimum of 1000 completed face-to-face interviews is required. This paper tries a rehabilitation of mail surveys as low-budget substitutes for costly face-to-face surveys. Based on an empirical contingent valuation study in Northern Thailand, it is shown that the validity of mail surveys can be improved significantly if so-called Citizen Expert Groups are employed for a thorough survey design. 相似文献
982.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) called for a ban on mulesing in the Australian sheep industry in 2004.
Mulesing is a surgical procedure that removes wool-bearing skin from the tail and breech area of sheep in order to prevent
flystrike (cutaneous myiasis). Flystrike occurs when flies lay their eggs in soiled areas of wool on the sheep and can be
fatal for the sheep host. PETA claimed that mulesing subjects sheep to unnecessary pain and suffering and took action against
the Australian wool industry that resulted in a number of international clothing retailers choosing not to use Australian
wool. Although the Australian sheep industry agreed to phase out mulesing in 2010, there is some uncertainty as to whether
this deadline will be achieved. The changing social ethic towards animal welfare suggests that the way the Australian sheep
industry manages the phase out of mulesing in 2010 is vital to its future survival and success. It is likely that if mulesing
does not cease in 2010 there will be a negative market reaction to Australian wool and the risk of legislation to ban mulesing.
To avoid losing control of its animal welfare strategy, the Australian sheep industry should ensure that mulesing is phased
out in 2010 and endorse the animal welfare ethic underpinning this change. The industry should also educate farmers and other
industry stakeholders in how the changing social ethic for animal welfare can create new market opportunities for wool. 相似文献
983.
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(3):209-227
Recent publications by Pogge (Global ethics: seminal essays. St. Paul: Paragon House 2008) and by Singer (The life you can save: acting now to end world poverty. New York: Random House 2009) have resuscitated a debate over the justifiability of famine relief between Singer and ecologist Garrett Hardin in the 1970s.
Yet that debate concluded with a general recognition that (a) general considerations of development ethics presented more
compelling ethical problems than famine relief; and (b) some form of development would be essential to avoiding the problems
of growth noted by Hardin. Better than renewing the debate, we should recognize two points. First, food needs do indeed evoke
a moral response that is more direct and compelling than the philosophical positions often generated to rationalize a duty
to bring aid. As such the argument for feeding hungry people cannot be generalized into a paradigm for development ethics
without distortions that undercut the morally valid elements in Singer’s original argument. Second, contrary to prevailing
assumptions in present day development ethics, food aid and famine relief continue to be important priorities for international
agencies, notably the World Food Program. Emergency food assistance, the nominal topic of Singer’s original article, thus
is an important issue for agricultural as well as development ethics, though one that should indeed be seen as distinct from
more complex duties to address the conditions of chronic poverty and underdevelopment. 相似文献
984.
985.
Michael M. Pollock Timothy J. Beechie 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(4):843-847
Pollock, Michael M. and Timothy J. Beechie, 2010. Reply to Discussion –“Stream Temperature Relationships to Forest Harvest in Western Washington” by George Ice, George Brown, John Gravelle, C. Rhett Jackson, Jeff Light, Timothy Link, Douglas Martin, Dale McGreer, and Arne Skaugset. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 843-847. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00456.x 相似文献
986.
987.
Swine (Sus scofa domestica) lagoon effluent is a valuable resource. In the U.S. Mid-South it is applied from April to September to fertilize grass hay in spray-irrigated fields. Lagoon levels of nutrients and bacteria, and soil levels of nutrients have been documented, but little was known of effluent bacterial levels in soil. The present study examined levels of selected effluent bacteria and nutrients in soils inside and outside spray fields after >15 yr of effluent irrigation. Samples were collected February to March 2009 from contiguous soils spanning adjacent irrigated and nonirrigated areas. Separate soil cores for bacterial and nutrient tests were collected in pairs <10 cm apart. Five cores each were collected at 15-m intervals and combined, respectively, to comprise inside and outside samples from each of 20 soils (four each from five farms/spray fields). Analyses of data combined across all soils showed higher pH and Mehlich-3-extracrable (M3-) P, Mg, K, Na, Cu, and Zn inside than outside spray fields, while total N, total C, M3-Ca, and M3-Mn did not differ. Bacterial levels were higher inside than outside spray fields for heterotrophic plate counts, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridium perfringens, but levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were not different. Cultural presence/absence tests for three pathogens (Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp.) detected only Listeria spp., which did not differ inside (23% positive samples) and outside (28% positive). Molecular tests detected all three pathogens at low levels that were not different inside and outside. We found no evidence of cumulative buildup of Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., or Salmonela s. in spray field soils. 相似文献
988.
Bernhardt ES Colman BP Hochella MF Cardinale BJ Nisbet RM Richardson CJ Yin L 《Journal of environmental quality》2010,39(6):1954-1965
Growing concerns over the potential for unintended, adverse consequences of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the environment have generated new research initiatives focused on understanding the ecological effects of ENPs. Almost nothing is currently known about the fate and transport of ENPs in environmental waters, soils, and sediments or about the biological impacts of ENPs in natural environments, and the bulk of modern nanotoxicogical research is focused on highly controlled laboratory studies with single species in simple media. In this paper, we provide an ecological perspective on the current state of knowledge regarding the likely environmental impacts of nanomaterials and propose a strategy for making rapid progress in new research in ecological nanoscience. 相似文献
989.
By means of environmental education, teachers are supposed to intervene in pupils’ awareness and concern of environmental
issues. Teachers’ environmental attitudes, however, have rarely been studied. We analysed 367 German pre- and in-service teachers’
environmental attitudes for their structure and socio-economic correlates within the frame of a European project. Thus, we
retrieved for adults the two-dimensional model of ecological values (2-MEV) presented for adolescents by Bogner and Wiseman
(Sci Educ Int 15(1):27–48, 2004). For the two domains, Preservation and Utilisation, the psychometric structure was confirmed and discriminative correlations
with age, gender and teaching subject were unveiled. Further research is needed to deduce the implications for teaching practice. 相似文献
990.