采矿业:事实、数据和环境

前言 本期《产业与环境》千禧年特刊的前瞻文章并没有很详细地叙述采矿工业或其对环境的影响．然而,由于许多读者或许还不了解这个行业,所以此篇事实、数据和环境文章将提供一些背景材料．也要解释一下在下面文章中使用的许多专业术语．第一部分：采矿业——什么是采矿业,在哪里采矿以及如何采矿？ 什么是采矿业？ 对采矿业的一个简单的定义可以是“从地球中采掘出矿石”．在这种情况下的“矿石”一词覆盖了很宽范围的供人类使用的各种天然存在的物质 虽然此定义对于我们的目的是合适的,采矿业也可以看作是一个过程,这个过程从勘探和发…     

基于潜在分类模型的农田生态补偿标准测算——一个离散选择实验模型的实证

确立科学合理的生态标准是建立和提高社会主义生态文明的关键。本文对当前我国运用选择实验法对农田生态补偿标准估算多假设受访者同质性偏好的现状,运用潜在分类模型(Latent Class Model,LCM)研究武汉市不同类别特征的市民对农田生态服务价值的保有意愿情况,并进一步运用Gold Latent软件测算基于市民支付意愿的武汉市农田生态补偿标准。研究发现:193.5%的武汉市受访市民愿意为保有和改善农田生态系统的服务功能进行一定额度的农田生态补偿标准支付,但仍有部分比例的受访者对农田生态服务价值的全面认知还不够(如空气质量)。2武汉市不同受访市民对农田生态属性的偏好存在异质性,93%的受访市民属于正常偏好型。另有7%的受访市民属于空气质量偏好型。受访者的收入水平、对农田生态服务价值的意识程度和是否愿意进行一定额度的农田生态补偿支付三个变量是影响其类别归属的决定性因素。3正常偏好型和空气质量偏好型市民对于农田生态补偿的支付意愿分别为6 888.74元/hm~2和518.50元/hm~2,计算得到基于武汉市市民平均支付意愿的农田生态补偿标准为7 407.24元/hm~2。研究结果不仅可以为武汉市农田保护制定出更具针对性和合理的农田生态补偿标准提供初步的科学依据,还可以为农田生态补偿筹集到除了中央政府财政转移之外的来自于农田生态服务受益者的资金支付。     

Imidacloprid movement in soils and impacts on soil microarthropods in southern Appalachian eastern hemlock stands

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide effective in controlling the exotic pest (hemlock woolly adelgid) in eastern hemlock () trees. Concerns over imidacloprid impacts on nontarget species have limited its application in southern Appalachian ecosystems. We quantified the movement and adsorption of imidacloprid in forest soils after soil injection in two sites at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in western North Carolina. Soils differed in profile depth, total carbon and nitrogen content, and effective cation exchange capacity. We injected imidacloprid 5 cm into mineral soil, 1.5 m from infested trees, using a Kioritz soil injector. We tracked the horizontal and vertical movement of imidacloprid by collecting soil solution and soil samples at 1 m, 2 m, and at the drip line from each tree periodically for 1 yr. Soil solution was collected 20 cm below the surface and just above the saprolite, and acetonitrile-extractable imidacloprid was determined through the profile. Soil solution and extractable imidacloprid concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Soil solution and extractable imidacloprid concentrations were greater in the site with greater soil organic matter. Imidacloprid moved vertically and horizontally in both sites; concentrations generally declined downward in the soil profile, but preferential flow paths allowed rapid vertical movement. Horizontal movement was limited, and imidacloprid did not move to the tree drip line. We found a negative relationship between adsorbed imidacloprid concentrations and soil microarthropod populations largely in the low-organic-matter site; however, population counts were similar to other studies at Coweeta.     

食品的环境安全性

Danone集团公司在其优势领域 (鲜奶、甜饼干、矿泉水 )中是世界一流企业 ,在食品安全方面一直奉行积极政策 ,而在环境保护方面有着悠久的传统 .食品安全和环境保护这两个在某些方面有联系的课题在下面文章中进行了论述 ,重点是该战略的严格性和连续性 .为了说明此战略 ,列举了几个指标和实例 .     

可持续消费与文化价值

面对着使消费和生产模式的均一化的全球化,从具有强烈遗产和文化价值的产品和服务出发,在休闲、旅游、农业食品业和手工业中发展了新的经济活动。只要能将其纳入可持续发展的地方战略,而且能引起消费者关注并给他们以正确的信息,这些广泛传播的活动就能够在世界上保存文化和社会的多样性。     

矿区环境:采矿业的残渣及增值方案

矿物残渣的处理或再处理对于解决与矿产开采有关的污染问题是可能的选择之一．再处理最经常意味着回收矿渣，其目的是分离具有商业价值的矿物，或者相反，回收具有最大污染能力的矿物（特别是通过产生含有重金属的酸溶液）．再处理不应仅限于所提取产品的销售回款能够完全补偿其成本的情况．实际上，这样的再处理还可以降低保障矿渣安全和防止其污染的总成本，对于采矿经历很丰富的地区这些成本经常是很高的．因此，所有降低此成本或提供款项分担其财务费用的措施都是很受欢迎的．最终，它显示出行政当局在全面考虑矿业环境和对使矿渣摆脱污染元素和取得可能的回收利益之间取得平衡的解决方案给予优惠方面的动力．     

图书与报告

总论未来市场:全球趋势及其商业含义《未来市场》使用大量图表简明概括了与世界商业经营方式有关的19个话题的主要资料:人口、财富、营养、健康、教育、消费、能源、排放、效率、生态系统、农业、水、城市化、移动、通讯、劳动力、民主、责任和私有化.它还对每个领域的趋势对于商业的意义进行了评定.《未来市场》由世界资源学会、联合国环境署和世界工商业可持续发展理事会联合出版.可在www.uneptie.org/outreach/wssd/TM/pub_TM.htm在线查阅.(2002).WRI,UNEP,WBCSD.Avail-ablefromEarthprintLtd.POBox119,Steve-nage,SG14TP,He…     

Chloramination of wastewater effluent: Toxicity and formation of disinfection byproducts

The reclamation and disinfection of waters impacted by human activities (e.g., wastewater effluent discharges) are of growing interest for various applications but has been associated with the formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs). Monochloramine used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine can be an additional source of nitrogen in the formation of N-DBPs. Individual toxicity assays have been performed on many DBPs, but few studies have been conducted with complex mixtures such as wastewater effluents. In this work, we compared the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) before and after chloramination. The toxicity of chloraminated EfOM was significantly higher than the toxicity of raw EfOM, and the more hydrophobic fraction (HPO) isolated on XAD-8 resin was more toxic than the fraction isolated on XAD-4 resin. More DBPs were also isolated on the XAD-8 resin. N-DBPs (i.e., haloacetonitriles or haloacetamides) were responsible for the majority of the cytotoxicity estimated from DBP concentrations measured in the XAD-8 and XAD-4 fractions (99.4% and 78.5%, respectively). Measured DBPs accounted for minor proportions of total brominated and chlorinated products, which means that many unknown halogenated compounds were formed and can be responsible for a significant part of the toxicity. Other non-halogenated byproducts (e.g., nitrosamines) may contribute to the toxicity of chloraminated effluents as well.     

法文版

通往强化运用国际环境法规的途径当今国际环境法规的本质特征是强制性条文的增多、为了实施这些条文而建立的组织的分散以及在许多国家运用这些条文的困难.因此，显然必须通过对现存机制的比较，如果约定的义务需要各国家方遵守，准备对核实程序进行协调和简化的渠道.本书首先通过参与1996年由法国环境部就该主题举办的国际会议和相关讨论研究了有关环境公约的监督功能.后面的部分讨论了实施这些公约的困难和可能的监管措施，特别是报告系统，以及国际组织在运用国际环境法规方面的作用.然后报道了非政府组织对大会上此议题所提出的建议(199…