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681.
682.
Oded Berger‐Tal Daniel T. Blumstein Scott Carroll Robert N. Fisher Sarah L. Mesnick Megan A. Owen David Saltz Colleen Cassady St. Claire Ronald R. Swaisgood 《Conservation biology》2016,30(4):744-753
The role of behavioral ecology in improving wildlife conservation and management has been the subject of much recent debate. We sought to answer 2 foundational questions about the current use of behavioral knowledge in conservation: To what extent is behavioral knowledge used in wildlife conservation and management, and how does the use of animal behavior differ among conservation fields in both frequency and types of use? We searched the literature for intersections between key fields of animal behavior and conservation and created a systematic heat map (i.e., graphical representation of data where values are represented as colors) to visualize relative efforts. Some behaviors, such as dispersal and foraging, were commonly considered (mean [SE] of 1147.38 [353.11] and 439.44 [108.85] papers per cell, respectively). In contrast, other behaviors, such as learning, social, and antipredatory behaviors were rarely considered (mean [SE] of 33.88 [7.62], 44.81 [10.65], and 22.69 [6.37] papers per cell, respectively). In many cases, awareness of the importance of behavior did not translate into applicable management tools. Our results challenge previous suggestions that there is little association between the fields of behavioral ecology and conservation and reveals tremendous variation in the use of different behaviors in conservation. We recommend that researchers focus on examining underutilized intersections of behavior and conservation themes for which preliminary work shows a potential for improving conservation and management, translating behavioral theory into applicable and testable predictions, and creating systematic reviews to summarize the behavioral evidence within the behavior‐conservation intersections for which many studies exist. 相似文献
683.
Philippe Vidon Craig Allan Douglas Burns Tim P. Duval Noel Gurwick Shreeram Inamdar Richard Lowrance Judy Okay Durelle Scott Steve Sebestyen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2010,46(2):278-298
Vidon, Philippe, Craig Allan, Douglas Burns, Tim P. Duval, Noel Gurwick, Shreeram Inamdar, Richard Lowrance, Judy Okay, Durelle Scott, and Steve Sebestyen, 2010. Hot Spots and Hot Moments in Riparian Zones: Potential for Improved Water Quality Management. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):278-298. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00420.x Abstract: Biogeochemical and hydrological processes in riparian zones regulate contaminant movement to receiving waters and often mitigate the impact of upland sources of contaminants on water quality. These heterogeneous processes have recently been conceptualized as “hot spots and moments” of retention, degradation, or production. Nevertheless, studies investigating the importance of hot phenomena (spots and moments) in riparian zones have thus far largely focused on nitrogen (N) despite compelling evidence that a variety of elements, chemicals, and particulate contaminant cycles are subject to the influence of both biogeochemical and transport hot spots and moments. In addition to N, this review summarizes current knowledge for phosphorus, organic matter, pesticides, and mercury across riparian zones, identifies variables controlling the occurrence and magnitude of hot phenomena in riparian zones for these contaminants, and discusses the implications for riparian zone management of recognizing the importance of hot phenomena in annual solute budgets at the watershed scale. Examples are presented to show that biogeochemical process-driven hot spots and moments occur along the stream/riparian zone/upland interface for a wide variety of constituents. A basic understanding of the possible co-occurrence of hot spots and moments for a variety of contaminants in riparian systems will increase our understanding of the influence of riparian zones on water quality and guide management strategies to enhance nutrient or pollutant removal at the landscape scale. 相似文献
684.
Scott J. Kenner David A. Bender James F. Pankow John S. Zogorski 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(5):1124-1137
Surface water and air volatile organic compound (VOC) data from 10 U.S. Geological Survey monitoring sites were used to evaluate the potential for direct transport of VOCs from the atmosphere to urban streams. Analytical results of 87 VOC compounds were screened by evaluating the occurrence and detection levels in both water and air, and equilibrium concentrations in water (Cws) based on the measured air concentrations. Four compounds (acetone, methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene, and m‐ & p‐xylene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples, in more than 10% of air samples, and more than 10% of detections in air were greater than long‐term method detection levels (LTMDL) in water. Benzene was detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Two percent of benzene detections in air were greater than one‐half the LTMDL in water. Six compounds (chloroform, p‐isopropyltoluene, methylene chloride, perchloroethene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, and trichloroethene) were detected in more than 20% of water samples and in more than 10% of air samples. Five VOCs, toluene, m‐ & p‐xylene, methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE), acetone, and benzene were identified as having sufficiently high concentrations in the atmosphere to be a source to urban streams. MTBE, acetone, and benzene exhibited behavior that was consistent with equilibrium concentrations in the atmosphere. 相似文献
685.
Model based grouping of species across environmental gradients 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We present a novel approach to the statistical analysis and prediction of multispecies data. The approach allows the simultaneous grouping and quantification of multiple species’ responses to environmental gradients. The underlying statistical model is a finite mixture model, where mixing is performed over the individual species’ responses to environmental gradients. Species with similar responses are grouped with minimal information loss. We term these groups species archetypes. Each species archetype has an associated GLM that can be used to predict distributions with appropriate measures of uncertainty. Initially, we illustrate the concept and method using artificial data and then with application to real data comprising 200 species from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon on 13 oceanographic and geological gradients from 12°S to 24°S. The 200 species from the GBR are well represented by 15 species archetypes. The model is interpreted through maps of the probability of presence for a fine scale set of locations throughout the study area. Maps of uncertainty are also produced to provide statistical context. The presence of each species archetype was strongly influenced by oceanographic gradients, principally temperature, oxygen and salinity. The number of species in each group ranged from 4 to 34. The method has potential application to the analysis of multispecies distribution patterns and for multispecies management. 相似文献
686.
Tim Hall Melanie MacLean Scott Coffen-Smout Glen Herbert 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(2):247-255
The national legislative and policy context for integrated ocean management in Canada is provided by the Oceans Act (1996) and the supporting policy statement, Canada’s Oceans Strategy. Under the Oceans Act, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) is the lead federal authority for ocean affairs and is charged with leading and facilitating
the development and implementation of integrated management plans for all marine waters. Integrated management efforts in
Canada are being undertaken through an area-based approach that enables marine planning, management and decision making to
occur at appropriate spatial scales, from regional to site-specific. This article focuses on the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated
Management (ESSIM) process, an offshore-focused effort to develop an integrated ocean management plan for a large portion
of the Scotian Shelf, off Nova Scotia. The resulting Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Ocean Management Plan (the ESSIM plan)
has been developed through a collaborative process involving all interested and affected government departments and ocean
stakeholders, and provides an objectives-based approach to ocean management. The ESSIM plan contains a set of long-term, overarching
goals for collaborative governance and integrated management, sustainable human use, and healthy ecosystems. These goals are
supported by more specific objectives that express desired outcomes and conditions for the marine region. The objectives-based
approach seeks to ensure that interrelationships among ecosystem and human use objectives are recognized and reflected in
the identification of management strategies and supporting actions. This article considers the role of marine spatial planning
within the context of the integrated ocean management process underway for the Scotian Shelf. The policy and management context
for integrated ocean management in Canada is briefly described and a summary of the ESSIM plan is provided. The current and
potential role for marine spatial planning in implementing the objectives and strategies of the ESSIM plan is highlighted
using examples related to multiple ocean use and marine conservation and protected area planning. The article concludes by
drawing out key lessons learned to date through the ESSIM process for marine spatial planning and looks to the future in terms
of the development of tools and approaches for this integral aspect of integrated ocean management. 相似文献
687.
Howlett DS Moreno G Mosquera Losada MR Nair PK Nair VD 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(7):1897-1904
The extent of carbon (C) stored in soils depends on a number of factors including soil characteristics, climatic and other environmental conditions, and management practices. Such information, however, is lacking for silvopastoral systems in Spain. This study quantified the amounts of soil C stored at various depths (0-25, 25-50, 50-75, and 75-100 cm) under a Dehesa cork oak (Quercus suber L.) silvopasture at varying distances (2, 5, and 15 m) to trees. Soil C in the whole soil and three soil fractions (<53, 53-250, and 250-2000 μm) was determined. Results showed soil depth to be a significant factor in soil C stocks in all soil particle sizes. Distance to tree was a significant factor determining soil C stocks in the whole soil and the 250-2000 μm soil fraction. To 1 m depth, mean total C storage at 2, 5, and 15 m from cork oak was 50.2, 37, and 26.5 Mg ha(-1), respectively. Taking into account proportions of land surface area containing these C stocks at varying distances to trees to 1 m depth, with a tree density of 35 stems ha(-1), estimated landscape soil C is 29.9 Mg ha(-1). Greater soil C stocks directly underneath the tree canopy suggest that maintaining or increasing tree cover, where lost from disease or management, may increase long term storage of soil C in Mediterranean silvopastoral systems. The results also demonstrate the use of soil aggregate characteristics as better indicators of soil C sequestration potential and thus a tool for environmental monitoring. 相似文献
688.
State and federal regulatory agencies depend on quality field data for determining the effects of agricultural management practices on fumigant emissions to develop sound, science-based policies and regulations on preplant soil fumigants. Field plot tests, using growers' standard field operation procedures, were used to simultaneously determine the effectiveness of several commonly proposed emission reduction methods, in a trial involving shank injection of Telone II [a.i. 1,3-dichloropropnene (1,3-D)] to a sandy loam soil to a target rate of 372 kg ha(-1). The experiment was conducted in late September 2008 in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Fumigant emissions were captured using dynamic flux chambers. The results showed that virtually impermeable film (VIF) reduced emissions >95% when compared to bare soil, and the glue joints in the film did not significantly affect the tarp performance. The VIF also created a more uniform distribution of gaseous fumigant in the soil profile, which would likely benefit pest control efficacy. Standard high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tarp reduced total 1,3-D emissions about 50% (higher than most reported values) in this trial, whereas postfumigation intermittent water treatments (seals) reduced cumulative emission losses by approximately 20%. Adding 49.4 Mg ha (equivalent to 20 tons per acre) of composted dairy manure to surface soils did not reduce 1,3-D emissions during this experiment. Use of VIF was the most promising technique in reducing emissions and has the potential to allow lower application rates while providing satisfactory pest control. 相似文献
689.
G. Scott Barney Paul B. Duval 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2011,24(1):76-84
A mathematical model is described that may be used to determine the safety of hydroxylamine nitrate (HAN) solutions used in solvent extraction purification of plutonium. The most significant hazard associated with hydroxylamine use in processing plutonium is its rapid, autocatalytic reaction with nitric acid which can result in an explosion or pressurization of process vessels with radiological consequences to humans. In addition, heat is produced by the reaction that could potentially ignite process solvents. The HAN decomposition reaction can occur only under specific process conditions (temperature; HAN, plutonium and nitric acid concentrations) and the model is used to identify these conditions so that they can be avoided. A kinetics model has been developed using all of the known significant reactions that could occur in process solutions containing HAN and nitric acid as well as plutonium and iron. The reaction kinetics data (rate laws, rate constants, activation energies) used in the model were obtained from chemical literature sources. The model shows that the autocatalytic HAN reaction with nitric acid is very rapid and is catalyzed by Pu(III) and Fe(II) in process solutions. High temperatures and nitric acid concentrations also promote the reaction. 相似文献
690.
Scott George Evens Nicholas Porter Jonathan Walker David I. 《Food and environmental virology》2023,15(1):71-81
Food and Environmental Virology - Faecal shedding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its subsequent detection in wastewater turned the spotlight onto... 相似文献