空白值校正法无汞快速测定地表水化学需氧量

探讨了K2Cr2O7在不同酸度的硫酸介质中的化学行为,确定9 mol/L H2SO4为K2Cr2O7法测定地表水COD的合理酸度。多种有机物消解试验及半年多地表水样跟踪检测,将消解回流时间从2小时缩短到30分钟之内是可行的。氯离子(Cl-)干扰可用生成AgCl沉淀和空白值校正的办法消除。此方法的检出下限是11mg/L,样品测定的加标回收率在96%～101%。此方法不仅缩短了回流时间、减少了汞带来的二次污染,从而实现无汞快速测定地表水COD。     

浅析绿色建筑体系与低碳经济

通过查阅国内外相关资料,对绿色建筑体系从历史、定义及现状方面进行了简单论述,并结合日益受到重视的低碳经济,从经济与环保角度,对绿色建筑体系的标准、建材、设计等方面进行分析,阐明作为低碳经济发展重要组成部分的绿色建筑体系,将如何促进低碳经济的实现,使低碳经济这一概念更好地运用于现实,并对绿色建筑体系的发展进行了展望。     

西北干旱区中小城市水价探析

为了促进西北干旱区中小城市的快速、稳定的发展,解决该地区中小城市的水资源短缺问题,以水价作为出发点,充分利用水价格的经济杠杆作用,制定出该地区中小城市的水价。以西北干旱区中具有代表性的城市石河子为例,通过实地调研,得到石河子居民、居民生活用水情况、现行水价、居民家庭节水情况、居民的心理承受水价以及平时生活的节水意识等情况,通过分析,得出居民的心理承受偏低,现行水价仍有一定的上调空间,调价范围为1.58~2.31元/m3,最高可调至4.11元/m3。结合石河子的水价,为西北干旱区的中小城镇的水价改革、提高水资源的利用率等提出一些切实可行的建议。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alter the response of growth and nutrient uptake of snap bean（Phaseolus vulgaris L.） to O_3

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the responses to elevated O3 in growth and nutrition of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv Guangzhouyuan) were investigated. Exposure was conducted in growth chambers by using three O3 concentrations (20 (CF), 80 (CFO1) and 120 nL/L (CFO2); 8 hr/day for 75 days). Results showed that elevated O3 slightly impacted overall mycorrhizal colonization, but significantly decreased the proportional frequency of hypha and increased the proportional frequency of spores and vesicles, suggesting that O3 had significant effects on mycorrhizal structure. Elevated O3 significantly decreased yield, dry mass and nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in both non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants. However, significant interactive effects were found in most variables due to that the reduction by O3 in the mycorrhizal plants was less than that in the non-mycorrhizal plants. Additionally, AMF increased the concentrations of N, P, Ca, and Mg in shoot and root. It can be concluded that AMF alleviated detrimental effects of increasing O3 on host plant through improving plant nutrition and growth.     

Ionic composition of submicron particles (PM1.0) during the long-lasting haze period in January 2013 in Wuhan, central China

In January 2013, a long-lasting severe haze episode occurred in Northern and Central China; at its maximum, it covered a land area of approximately 1.4 million km². In Wuhan, the largest city in Central China, this event was the most severe haze episode in the 21st century. Aerosol samples of submicron particles (PM_1.0) were collected during the long-lasting haze episode at an urban site and a suburban site in Wuhan to investigate the ion characteristics of PM_1.0 in this area. The mass concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were almost at the same levels at two sites, which indicates that PM_1.0 pollution occurs on a regional scale in Wuhan. WSIIs (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) were the dominant chemical species and constituted up to 48.4% and 47.4% of PM_1.0 at WD and TH, respectively. The concentrations of PM_1.0 and WSIIs on haze days were approximately two times higher than on normal days. The ion balance calculations indicate that the particles were more acidic on haze days than on normal days. The results of the back trajectory analysis imply that the high concentrations of PM_1.0 and its water-soluble inorganic ions may be caused by stagnant weather conditions in Wuhan.     

Enhanced triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) degradation through application of an O3/UV process: Performance optimization and degradation pathways

• UV/O₃ process had higher TAIC mineralization rate than O₃ process. • Four possible degradation pathways were proposed during TAIC degradation. • pH impacted oxidation processes with pH of 9 achieving maximum efficiency. • CO₃^2– negatively impacted TAIC degradation while HCO₃^– not. • Cl^– can be radicals scavenger only at high concentration (over 500 mg/L Cl^–). Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC, C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₃) has featured in wastewater treatment as a refractory organic compound due to the significant production capability and negative environmental impact. TAIC degradation was enhanced when an ozone(O₃)/ultraviolet(UV) process was applied compared with the application of an independent O₃ process. Although 99% of TAIC could be degraded in 5 min during both processes, the O₃/UV process had a 70%mineralization rate that was much higher than that of the independent O₃ process (9%) in 30 min. Four possible degradation pathways were proposed based on the organic compounds of intermediate products identified during TAIC degradation through the application of independent O₃ and O₃/UV processes. pH impacted both the direct and indirect oxidation processes. Acidic and alkaline conditions preferred direct and indirect reactions respectively, with a pH of 9 achieving maximum Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal. Both CO₃^2– and HCO₃^– decreased TOC removal, however only CO₃^2– negatively impacted TAIC degradation. Effects of Cl^– as a radical scavenger became more marked only at high concentrations (over 500 mg/L Cl^–). Particulate and suspended matter could hinder the transmission of ultraviolet light and reduce the production of HO· accordingly.     

毒死蜱对于隆线溞和中华薄壳介混合种群的影响

研究了毒死蜱对隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)和中华薄壳介(Dolerocypris sinensis)混合种群的种群密度、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)比活力和隆线溞游离态几丁质酶免疫可反应蛋白(chitinase-IR)的影响。结果表明,在毒死蜱质量浓度高于0.05μg/L的条件下,毒死蜱对两种生物会有抑制作用,并且基本随暴露浓度的升高而增强。不过,随着水中残留的毒死蜱浓度降低,抑制作用会减弱。计算毒死蜱对隆线溞和中华薄壳介的最高无作用浓度(NOEC)和最低有效浓度(LOEC)发现,中华薄壳介对毒死蜱的敏感性高于隆线溞。在生态风险评估工作中,NOEC或LOEC使用时间加权平均浓度会使评价结果更加准确。     

Hyperspectral Characteristics of Canopy Components and Structure for Phenological Assessment of an Invasive Weed

Spectral reflectance values of four canopy components (stems, buds, opening flowers, and postflowers of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)) were measured to describe their spectral characteristics. We then physically combined these canopy components to simulate the flowering stage indicated by accumulated flower ratios (AFR) 10%, 40%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. Spectral dissimilarity and spectral angles were calculated to quantitatively identify spectral differences among canopy components and characteristic patterns of these flowering stages. This study demonstrated the ability of hyperspectral data to characterize canopy components, and identify different flowering stages. Stems had a typical spectral profile of green vegetation, which produced a spectral dissimilarity with three reproduction organs (buds, opening flowers, and postflowers). Quantitative differences between simulated flower stages depended on spectral regions and phenological stages examined. Using full-range canopy spectra, the initial flowering stage could be separated from the early peak, peak, and late flowering stages by three spectral regions, i.e. the blue absorption (around 480 nm) and red absorption (around 650 nm) regions and NIR plateau from 730 nm to 950 nm. For airborne CASI data, only the red absorption region and NIR plateau could be used to identify the flowering stages in the field. This study also revealed that the peak flowering stage was more easily recognized than any of the other three stages.     

酸雨作用下中亚带森林冠层淋溶规律研究

2001年1月～2002年6月对韶山亚热带常绿阔叶林4个采样区进行了酸雨的监测,以监测数据为依据,分析研究了林内穿透水中主要离子的淋溶规律。结果表明:大气降水经过森林冠层后pH值明显升高,韶山亚热带常绿阔叶林对SO42-、NO3-、Mg2+、NH4+离子具有吸收作用,特别是NH4+和NO3-离子。SO42-、Ca2+和Mg2+离子的冠层淋溶百分率随降雨量的增加有明显减少的趋势。Ca2+、K+和Cl-随着pH的增加,其冠层淋溶百分率呈增加趋势。韶山地区在常年酸沉降作用下,森林冠层对酸性离子SO42-、NO3-的吸收作用最强。根据18个月离子浓度平均值来计算,韶山地区森林冠层离子的淋溶序列为:K+>Ca2+>Cl->Mg2+>SO42->NO3->NH4+>Na+。     

沈阳市苏家屯区危险废物管理、处置现状与对策

对沈阳市苏家屯区危险废物现状进行了调查,分析了危险废物的来源、产生量、特征及存在的主要问题。在此基础上,提出对危险废物管理处置对策,包括开展危险废物申报登记;加强苏家屯区危险废物监督管理;源头控制危险废物污染产生和建设危险废物集中处置场等。