破碎聚氨酯硬泡时CFC-11的释放量和残留量

将聚氨酯硬泡在密闭室中破碎至不同粒径,低温加热后进行氧弹燃烧试验,利用气相色谱/质谱联用(GC/MS)定量每个过程中发泡剂CFC-11(CFCl₃)的释放量.结果表明:CFC-11释放量随破碎颗粒粒径的减小而增大,过4 mm筛的颗粒释放效果最佳,CFC-11释放量占其总量的67%;泡沫中w(CFC-11)为20%左右,其中77%的CFC-11包裹在泡孔中,23%被泡沫固相吸附;即使将泡沫过1 mm筛,部分未打破泡孔中仍有6%的CFC-11,当破碎粒径接近泡孔平均直径0.3～0.4 mm时,CFC-11释放量保持不变,吸附于泡沫固相中的CFC-11在破碎过程中很难释放.      

上海市能源消费碳排放分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)2006年版碳排放计算指南中的计算公式和碳排放系数缺省值,计算了上海市1994─2006年能源消费碳排放量. 结果表明:1994年以来碳排放量逐年增加,碳排放强度不断下降,由1994年的2.51 t/(104元)降到2006年的1.07 t/(104元). 通过比较2005年上海与全国以及主要经济大国间的碳排放量、碳排放强度和人均碳排放量发现,上海市能源消费碳排放量占全国的3.5%;碳排放强度低于全国和全球水平,但比英国、德国、日本高;人均碳排放量为2.7 t/a,是全国和全球平均水平的2倍多,低于美国、澳大利亚和加拿大. 从能源利用效率、经济增长方式、能源结构以及经济结构等角度分析了碳排放强度下降的原因,其中能源结构调整引起的平均碳排放系数下降和第三产业比重上升是主要原因.      

高分子重金属絮凝剂MAPEI处理含汞废水

以聚乙烯亚胺、巯基乙酸为原料,通过酰胺化反应合成了一种新型高分子重金属絮凝剂--巯基乙酰聚乙烯亚胺(MAPEI),研究其处理含汞废水的性能,并对几个影响因素进行了考察.实验结果表明:①该絮凝剂对Hg2+有很好的捕集功能,其中2万分子量的MAPEI去除率最高;②pH值会影响Hg2+的去除;③碱金属和碱土金属离子对Hg2+的去除有促进作用;④C1-、NO3-可促进对Hg2+的去除,而SO2/4-对Hg2+的去除有抑制作用;⑤Hg2+和致浊物质共存时,会相互促进彼此的去除;⑥Hg2+和致浊物质共存时,MAPEI对Hg2+的去除率比TGA的去除率高.     

偶氮类染料刚果红水溶液的辐射降解

利用60Co γ射线、电子束辐照刚果红水溶液,研究其降解行为.考察了刚果红水溶液辐照前后紫外可见光谱的变化、刚果红的降解率及溶液总有机碳(TOC)的去除率.通过不同气氛饱和辐照,对比了各种活性粒子对降解效果的影响.初步研究了初始pH值、H2O2和TiO2的加入对刚果红水溶液降解效果的影响.结果表明,60 γ射线、电子束辐照是一种有效的去除水体中刚果红染料的方法,其降解效果在不同体系中均可以达到100%.高剂量下TOC去除率可以达到85.7%.H2O2和TiO2的加入可以有效提高刚果红的降解效率.     

Nutritionally relevant elements in staple foods: influence of arable site versus choice of variety

Eighteen representative sites for the Austrian grain-growing and eight for the potato-growing zones (soils and crops) were investigated. On each site, total element contents (B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Sr and Zn) were determined in 4–12 varieties of winter wheat (n = 136), 6 varieties of spring durum wheat (n = 30), 5 varieties of winter durum wheat (n = 15), 7 varieties of rye (n = 49), 5 varieties of spring barley (n = 30) and 5 varieties of potatoes (n = 40). Element accumulations in grain species and potato tubers varied significantly with site conditions, with the main exceptions for B in potatoes and wheat as well as for Zn, Cu and Co in durum wheat. On average, across all investigated sites, differences in varieties occurred concerning the elements Ca, Cd, Ba, Sr and Zn (except Zn in potatoes and winter durum). A rough estimation revealed that an average Austrian consumer of wheat, rye and potatoes meets more than 50% of the needs of daily element intake for K, P and Mg, between 36 and 72% for Fe, Zn and Cu, and more than 100% for Co, Mo and Mn. In particular, the elements Ca and Na have to be added from other sources.     

水体中常见无机阴离子对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响

选择了5种水体中常见的阴离子(Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),HCO_3~-,NO_3~-以及HPO_4~(2-)/H_2P_4~-),分别考察了其对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原模拟Cr(Ⅵ)废水的影响.从上述离子的光吸收,对·OH的捕获作用以及与Cr(Ⅵ)的竞争吸附三个方面讨论了上述离子影响TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)速率的原因.结果表明,体系酸性越强,越有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原;在pH值约为6时,HCO_3~-,Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)对TiO_2薄膜光催化还原Cr(Ⅵ)具有促进作用,NO_3~-具有抑制作用,H_2PO_4~-/HPO_4~(2-)在低浓度时具有促进作用,而在高浓度时具有抑制作用.造成上述结果的主要原因是Cl~-,SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-具有较强的·OH捕获作用和在TiO_2表面较低的吸附能力;H_2PO_4~-/HPO_4~(2-)在TiO_2表面具有较强的吸附能力;NO_3~-对紫外光吸收作用降低了TiO_2表面的紫外光强度以及自身光化学反应产生了·OH.     

Female seed beetles, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Callosobruchus maculatus,</Emphasis> remate for male-supplied water rather than ejaculate nutrition

Female seed beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus, mate multiply even though association with males and copulations carry costs, such as injury to the genital tract. Multiple mating (polyandry) may, however, offset these costs through the acquisition of food and water, two material benefits hypothesized to be obtained from the large ejaculates produced by males. The material benefits hypothesis can be tested by increasing female access to nutrients and water, with the prediction that female mating frequency will decrease as copulation is no longer required to derive these materials. Females were given water, 5% sugar–water or baker’s yeast, and were compared with females deprived of these. We presented females with virgin males daily for 8 days and recorded female mating frequency, survivorship, and fecundity. Females provided with water and sugar–water decreased mating frequency. Thus, water, rather than nutrients in the ejaculate, appears to be important to females of this species. In addition, both life span and fecundity were extended for females in the sugar–water and water treatments. Since water is scarce in the arid environment in which this species is found, we conclude that polyandry provides material benefits to females that may offset some of the costs of associating with males.     

Colorful tails fade when lizards adopt less risky behaviors

Colorful tails that become cryptic during ontogeny are found in diverse taxa. Nevertheless, the evolutionary bases for this change remain debated. Recent work suggests that colorful tails, deflective displays, and striped patterns may represent antipredator mechanisms used by immature lizards to compensate for being more active and hence more vulnerable to predation (increased movement hypothesis, IMH). I challenged the generality of IMH by comparing foraging behavior and frequency of tail displays across five Acanthodactylus lizards that vary in fundamental life history traits, before and after the tail changed color. As these species underwent changes in tail coloration, they congruently adopted less risky behaviors and reduced the frequencies of tail displays. Contrary to expectation, in two species, the hatchling risky behavior resulted not from increased movements but from longer stay in exposed microhabitats. I suggest that colorful tails and deflective tail displays are synergistic antipredator mechanisms neonates use to minimize the fitness consequences of using various risky behaviors rather than increased movement alone.     

Changes of movement patterns from early dispersal to settlement

Moving and spatial learning are two intertwined processes: (a) changes in movement behavior determine the learning of the spatial environment, and (b) information plays a crucial role in several animal decision-making processes like movement decisions. A useful way to explore the interactions between movement decisions and learning of the spatial environment is by comparing individual behaviors during the different phases of natal dispersal (when individuals move across more or less unknown habitats) with movements and choices of breeders (who repeatedly move within fixed home ranges), that is, by comparing behaviors between individuals who are still acquiring information vs. individuals with a more complete knowledge of their surroundings. When analyzing movement patterns of eagle owls, Bubo bubo, belonging to three status classes (floaters wandering across unknown environments, floaters already settled in temporary settlement areas, and territory owners with a well-established home range), we found that: (1) wandering individuals move faster than when established in a more stable or fixed settlement area, traveling larger and straighter paths with longer move steps; and (2) when floaters settle in a permanent area, then they show movement behavior similar to territory owners. Thus, movement patterns show a transition from exploratory strategies, when animals have incomplete environmental information, to a more familiar way to exploit their activity areas as they get to know the environment better.     

化学链燃烧中钙基载氧体CaS04再生的氧化反应机理

在热重和红外联用进行等温实验的基础上,探讨了氧体积分数为10%、20%,970-1150℃温度范围内化学链燃烧过程中钙基载氧体再生(cas)的氧化特性-结果显示,CaS氧化的直接产物主要为CaSO4,只有在诱导期生成极少量CaO和SO2;但CaSO4与CaS还可进一步反应,生成更多Can和S02.通过对氧气浓度和温度的实验条件改变,研究了CaS04的转化率、转化速率,并辅以S02析出速率分析,获得了CaSO4相对于CaO的瞬时选择性、Ca.SO4的收率和反应选择率.结果表明,钙基载氧体CaSO.再生过程氧化反应的适宜条件为温度970-1000℃以及较高的氧气气氛.这不仅可以抑制S02的排放量从而得到较高的反应选择率.同时反应过程也具有较高的转化速率.