锆负载型树脂用于含氟废水深度处理的研究

本文研制了一种以火力发电厂废树脂为载体的锆负载型氟离子吸附剂 ,并在评价了该树脂对氟离子的吸附性能之后探讨了该树脂用于火力发电厂含氟废水深度处理的可能性。研究结果表明 ,锆的最佳负载的最佳浓度为0 .5mol/L ,该负载树脂的最佳吸附pH为 3.0— 4 .0 ,用填充柱进行的动态实验结果表明 ,pH =3时的吸附容量显著高于 pH=4时的值。利用该树脂对火力发电厂模拟含氟废水进行了双柱串联吸附工艺处理 ,当柱流量为 35mL/min(SV10 )、第二柱穿透时 ,第一柱的吸附容量为 10 2 2 8mg/L湿树脂 ;用 0 .1mol/L的NaOH溶液进行再生 ,柱流量选择为 35mL/min(SV10 )时 ,脱附率在 95 %以上。     

Multiple copper adsorption and regeneration by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings

Copper ions were first adsorbed by zeolite 4A synthesized from bauxite tailings, the desorption of Cu(II) using Na₂EDTA solutions was performed, and the recycling of zeolite 4A in adsorption and desorption was systematically investigated. It was observed that the Cu(II) removal efficiency was directly dependent on the initial pH value. The maximum removal efficiency of Cu(II) was 96.2% with zeolite 4A when the initial pH value was 5.0. Cu(II) was completely absorbed in the first 30 min. It was also observed that the desorption efficiency and zeolite recovery were highly dependent on the initial pH and concentration of Na₂EDTA in the solution. The desorption efficiency and percent of zeolite recovered were 73.6 and 85.9%, respectively, when the Na₂EDTA solution concentration was 0.05 mol L^?1 and the pH value was 8. The recovered zeolites were pure single phase and highly crystalline. After 3 cycles, the removal efficiency of Cu(II) was as high as 78.9%, and the zeolite recovery was 46.9%, indicating that the recovered zeolites have good adsorption capacity and can repeatedly absorb Cu(II).

     

酸化冲击对低pH厌氧发酵系统性能的影响

为了研究酸化冲击对厌氧发酵有机废水能源回收系统的影响,利用自制的厌氧内循环反应器（anaerobic internal circulation reactor,AICR）,以模拟糖蜜废水为底物,逐步提高进水容积负荷以模拟高容积负荷下出现的酸化冲击。研究了反应器酸化前后运行参数,并利用高通量测序检测了酸化后系统微生物群落结构。结果表明：酸化会导致颗粒污泥解体,产气速率和COD去除率下降,产甲烷活性严重抑制,同时发酵类型也发生转变。反应器酸化以后,发酵类型从丁酸型发酵类型转变为混合酸发酵类型,在进水负荷不变的情况下,总产气速率下降约50%,从2 100 mmol·（L·d）-1下降至1 056 mmol·（L·d）-1。酸化后的系统中,非产氢发酵细菌为优势细菌（54.7%）,而产氢细菌所占比例较少（37.3%）,未检测到产甲烷细菌。     

Effects of butachlor on microbial populations and enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor (n-butoxymethlchloro -2', 6'-diethylacetnilide) on microbial populations, respiration, nitrogen fixation and nitrification, and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil. The results showed that the number of actinomycetes declined significantly after the application of butachlor at different concentrations ranging from 5.5 microg g(-1) to 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil, while that of bacteria and fungi increased. Fungi were easily affected by butachlor compared to the bacteria. The growth of fungi was retarded by butachlor at higher concentrations. Butachlor however, stimulated the growth of anaerobic hydrolytic fermentative bacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and denitrifying bacteria. The increased concentration of butachlor applied resulted in the higher number of SRB. Butachlor inhibited the growth of hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria. The effect of butachlor varied on methane-producing bacteria (MPB) at different concentrations. Butachlor at the concentration of 1.0 microg g(-1) dried soil or less than this concentration accelerated the growth of MPB, while at 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil showed an inhibition. Butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations. The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0 microg g(-1) dried soil of butachlor. The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by butachlor. The soil respiration was depressed during the period from several days to more than 20 days, depending on concentrations of butachlor applied. Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.     

南京地区农业资源的综合评价研究

客观、准确地评价地区农业资源,对于农业资源的开发和利用具有重要意义。本文从系统论观点出发,将地区农业资源分成自然资源和社会资源,在能够较好地反映系统结构特征、不同样点差异及满足易于收集、便于数量表示和定量处理等基本要求的基础上,选择了若干评价指标。利用综合指数法、区位商法等评价方法,对南京地区的主要农业资源（土地资源、气候资源与社会资源）进行了定量分析,并在此基础上,利用资源优势度分析法进行了综合评价。结果表明,南部小区的农业资源具有整体优势,南部和中部的资源利用较为合理,北部小区则具有较为丰富的后备资源。最后,根据各地资源要素的不同组合,简要给出了较适宜的开发途径,为该地农业资源的进一步开发与利用提供了依据。     

层次分析-熵值定权法在城市水环境承载力评价中的应用

从广义水环境承载力定义出发,建立水环境承载力评价指标体系;采用层次分析－熵值定权法和向量模法对武汉市水环境承载力进行评价,该定权方法采用层次分析法确定权重,同时又引入熵值法对权重进行修正,在一定程度上减少了主观影响。该方法使评价指标的赋权达到主观与客观统一,对水环境承载力的量化更加准确与合理。该方法构造简单,便于实现计算机编程,所以应用较为简单、方便。以武汉市为例,综合考虑资源环境以及社会经济发展,建立了一套指标体系,利用向量模法对指标进行量化,结果表明武汉市2006~2010年水环境承载力逐年增大,由0129 3增长到02411,表明近些年武汉市水资源、环境与社会经济的发展协调性较好。从3个准则层中可以看出,资源与环境对武汉市水环境承载力的影响较大;社会子系统承载力评价值逐年上升,且上升趋势较快;随着经济的加速发展,经济子系统承载力评价值呈逐年下降态势     

运动消耗对草鱼幼鱼游泳能力的影响

以草鱼幼鱼（体长80~97 cm,体重96~134 g）为研究对象,采用实验室专利装置研究了不同运动消耗状态下的草鱼幼鱼游泳能力。结果表明：在正常状态下草鱼幼鱼的临界游泳速度[WTBX]（Ucrit）为711±060 BL/s,耗氧率（MO2）与流速（U）方程拟合为MO2=4705+419U123,耗氧率随着流速的增大而增大,且草鱼的有氧运动效率较高。在4种运动消耗状态（06Ucrit、08Ucrit、10Ucrit、12Ucrit）流速下运动1 h草鱼的消耗后临界游泳速度（Upcrit）分别为：725±135、633±06、626±08、560±04 BL/s,临界游泳速度随着前期消耗流速的增大而减小,相应的耗氧率方程拟合为：MO2=38269+465U144,MO2=44526+4223U146,MO2=46611+4790U149,MO2=60034+3883U151。运动消耗会导致草鱼的有氧运动效率降低,同时随着运动消耗速度的增加有氧运动效率随之降低。研究结果认为在设计以草鱼为主要过鱼对象的过鱼设施时,鱼道内的流速不应大于08Ucrit,以使鱼类顺利通过。针对不同过鱼对象游泳特性进行设计的鱼道能够提高鱼类通过鱼道的效率     

微纳米气泡/UV/K2S2O8协同处理模拟垃圾渗沥液

以垃圾渗沥液中的主要污染物冰乙酸、正丁酸、正己酸和氨组成的混合物为处理对象,采用微纳米气泡联合紫外灯活化过硫酸盐法处理模拟垃圾渗沥液,考察了反应时间、过硫酸钾投加量、pH、紫外灯功率、微纳米气泡进气量对污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明：微纳米气泡对紫外灯活化过硫酸盐法有显著的协同作用。当反应时间为180 min、过硫酸钾投加量为4 g·L⁻¹、pH=6、紫外灯功率为10 W、微纳米气泡进气量为30 mL·min⁻¹时,污染物的去除效果最佳,COD去除率为60.68%,TOC去除率为48.05%,氨氮去除率为42.1%。自由基淬灭实验结合EPR表征结果表明,羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基为降解过程中主要的活性物质。溶液中无机碳含量增加,说明废水中有机物分解为二氧化碳和水。     

湖库型饮用水源蓝藻水华应急处置模拟实验

水源水体富营养化及造成的藻类水华是淡水生态系统面临的主要问题之一,严重威胁城市供水。以华南地区赤水水库为例,基于2019年5月暴发的蓝藻水华事件,开展了水库水质、蓝藻密度的监测分析及壳聚糖改性高岭土复合聚合氯化铝的应急除藻技术研究,确定了絮凝剂的最佳投加量并评估了除藻效果。结果表明: 水华暴发时取水口表层TN、TP浓度超过地表水III标准且水体主要限制性元素为磷,若集水区内磷的浓度继续增大,则水华暴发的频率继续增加;此次蓝藻水华的优势种为铜绿微囊藻,且垂向主要聚集在表层及水下5 m处,随水深的增加藻细胞密度逐渐降低,表层藻细胞密度高达6.87×10⁸ cells·L⁻¹;采用壳聚糖改性高岭土复合聚合氯化铝去除蓝藻效果较好,在改性黏土投加100 mg·L⁻¹,聚合氯化铝投加10 mg·L⁻¹时,1 h去除率约60%,且随着时间延长,去除率持续提高。改性黏土复合聚合氯化铝能在短期内使藻类沉降至水库底部,可应用于湖库型饮用水源蓝藻水华的应急处置。