Aerosol optical properties under different pollution levels in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of China

To clarify the aerosol hygroscopic growth and optical properties of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region,integrated observations were conducted in Heshan City of Guangdong Province from October 19 to November 17,2014.The concentrations and chemical compositions of PM_(2.5),aerosol optical properties and meteorological parameters were measured.The mean value of PM_(2.5) increased from less than 35(excellent) to 35-75 μg/m~3(good) and then to greater than 75 μg/m~3(pollution),corresponding to mean PM_(2.5) values of 24.9,51.2,and 93.3 μg/m~3,respectively.The aerosol scattering hygroscopic growth factor(f(RH = 80%)) values were 2.0,2.12,and 2.18 for the excellent,good,and pollution levels,respectively.The atmospheric extinction coefficient(σext)and the absorption coefficient of aerosols(σ_(ap)) increased,and the single scattering albedo(SSA)decreased from the excellent to the pollution levels.For different air mass sources,under excellent and good levels,the land air mass from northern Heshan had lower f(RH) and σ_(sp) values.In addition,the mixed aerosol from the sea and coastal cities had lower f(RH) and showed that the local sources of coastal cities have higher scattering characteristics in pollution periods.     

2018年春节期间京津冀地区污染过程分析

为了解2018年春节期间京津冀地区空气污染情况,利用近地面污染物浓度数据、激光雷达组网观测数据,结合WRF气象要素、颗粒物输送通量和HYSPLIT气团轨迹综合分析污染过程.结果表明,春节期间出现3次污染过程.春节前一次污染过程,各站点PM_2.5浓度均未超过200μg/m³;除夕夜,廊坊站点PM_2.5峰值浓度达到504μg/m³,是清洁天气的26倍;年初二~初五,各站点PM_2.5始终高于120μg/m³,且污染主要聚集在500m高度以下,北京地区存在高空传输,800m处最大输送通量达939μg/（m³·s）,此次重污染过程为一次典型的区域累积和传输过程.京津冀地区处于严格管控状态时,燃放烟花爆竹期间PM_2.5峰值浓度可达无燃放时PM_2.5峰值的3.2倍.为防止春节期间重污染现象的发生,需对静稳天气下燃放烟花炮竹采取预防对策.     

二乙烯三胺五甲叉膦酸酸解磷尾矿的实验探究

为减少磷尾矿堆积带来的环境污染问题,实现磷尾矿的钙、镁、磷元素的分离,以高镁磷尾矿为原料,采用二乙烯三胺五甲叉膦酸(DTPMP)进行酸解,探究磷尾矿中主要物相在DTPMP中的分解机制,并通过单因素实验探究pH、反应时间、反应温度及投料比对磷尾矿中MgO、CaO和P_2O_5分解率的影响。实验结果表明:pH对P_2O_5的分解率影响较大,高温更有利于尾矿中镁的溶出,在pH为2. 5,反应时间为60 min,反应温度为80℃,投料比为1. 56时,MgO、CaO和P_2O_5的分解率分别达到61. 05%、38. 23%和9. 67%。     

建筑垃圾堆放点样本集构建与优化研究

为更好地解决手工制作的建筑垃圾堆放点样本集效率低、数据量少,难以支撑基于深度学习的遥感图像目标检测算法训练需求的问题,采用基于像素的遥感分类方法构建建筑垃圾堆放点样本集,在此基础上结合直方图均衡化,CS-LBP算子约束以及迁移学习的方法对Wasserstein生成对抗模型（WGAN）进行优化,实现了样本集扩充。研究结果表明:相对于纯手工制作的样本集,基于像素的遥感分类方法可以显著提升样本集制作的效率;同时,经过WGAN优化后,生成样本模拟了原始数据的颜色与纹理特征分布规律,增加了原始数据的多样性,满足了扩充样本集的需求。     

电解锰渣基方沸石的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附性能

以电解锰渣为原料,经过"弱酸除杂-碱融活化-室温陈化-晶化"水热合成反应体系,在分别外加铝源和硅源的条件下制备方沸石ANA-A及ANA-S,运用XRF、XRD、SEM-EDS和BET等表征手段对2种方沸石的化学组成、晶相结构、微观形貌和比表面积进行分析。结果表明:在煅烧温度750℃、合成温度180℃、水热反应时间8 h的条件下,外加铝源和硅源均可合成方沸石。进一步研究2种沸石对水溶液中Pb2+的静态吸附性能,其所合成的电解锰渣基ANA-A及ANA-S方沸石均可以很好地用Langmuir等温模型拟合,属于单分子层吸附,饱和吸附量分别为161.29,185.19 mg/g,对初始浓度为100 mg/L的Pb2+去除率分别为93.69%和95.47%,且均符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,属于化学吸附;两者中ANA-S的吸附效果更好。     

Influence of environmental factors on arsenic accumulation and biotransformation using the aquatic plant species Hydrilla verticillata

Hydrilla verticillata(waterthyme) has been successfully used for phytoremediation in arsenic(As) contaminated water.To evaluate the effects of environmental factors on phytoremediation,this study conducted a series of orthogonal design experiments to determine optimal conditions,including phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and arsenate(As(Ⅴ))concentrations and initial pH levels,for As accumulation and biotransformation using this aquatic plant species,while also analyzing As species transformation in culture media after 96-hr exposure.Analysis of variance and the signal-to-noise ratio were used to identify both the effects of these environmental factors and their optimal conditions for this purpose.Results indicated that both N and P significantly impacted accumulation,and N was essential in As species transformation.High N and intermediate P levels were critical to As accumulation and biotransformation by H.verticillata,while high N and low P levels were beneficial to As species transformation in culture media.The highest total arsenic accumulation was(197.2±17.4) μg/g dry weight when As(V) was at level 3(375μg/L),N at level 2(4 mg/L),P at level 1(0.02 mg/L),and pH at level 2(7).Although H.verticillata is highly efficient in removing As(Ⅴ) from aquatic environments,its use could be potentially harmful to both humans and the natural environment due to its release of highly toxic arsenite.For cost-effective and ecofriendly phytoremediation of As-contaminated water,both N and P are helpful in regulating As accumulation and transformation in plants.     

Effect of graphene oxide exposure on intestinal Wnt signaling in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Exposure to engineered nanomaterials(ENMs), such as graphene oxide(GO), can potentially induce the response of various molecular signaling pathways, which can mediate the protective function or the toxicity induction.Wnt signaling pathway is conserved evolutionarily in organisms.Using Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo assay model, we investigated the effect of GO exposure on intestinal Wnt signaling.In the intestine, GO exposure dysregulated Frizzled receptor MOM-5, Disheveled protein DSH-2, GSK-3(a component of APC complex), and two β-catenin proteins(BAR-1 and HMP-2), which mediated the induction of GO toxicity.In GO exposed nematodes, a Hox protein EGL-5 acted as a downstream target of BAR-1, and fatty acid transport ACS-22 acted as a downstream target of HMP-2.Functional analysis on HMP-2 and ACS-22 suggested that the dysregulation of these two proteins provides an important basis for the observed deficit in functional state of intestinal barrier.Our results imply the association of dysregulation in physiological and functional states of intestinal barrier with toxicity induction of GO in organisms.     

不同制备温度下污泥生物炭对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特性

以城市剩余污泥为原料,于300,400,500,600 ℃温度条件下制备生物炭,通过单因素静态吸附实验探讨制备温度对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。结果表明:在500 ℃以内随着温度上升制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附量增加,制备温度高于500 ℃后变化不明显;扫描电镜（SEM）、比表面积（BET）、傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）表征结果显示,热解温度对生物炭表面形貌和官能团组成有显著影响;等温模型及动力学拟合结果表明,生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）为单分子层吸附、物理-化学复合吸附。热解温度对污泥制备生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的性能有显著影响,最佳制备温度为500 ℃,在此条件制备的生物炭对Cr（Ⅵ）的理论吸附量可达7.93 mg/g。     

2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域水质改善效果评价

分别采用单因子评价法、综合污染指数评价法和模糊综合评价法对2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域的水质改善效果进行评价分析。结果表明:3种方法的评价结果基本一致,2015—2018年河南省辖海河流域整体水质呈现改善趋势。但各方法侧重点有所不同。单因子评价结果显示,海河流域21项污染因子Ⅰ—Ⅲ类数量占比由2015年的69.63%增加至2018年的89.52%,劣Ⅴ类占比由2015年的15.13%减少至2018年的0.85%;海河流域综合污染指数由2015年的0.89降低至2018年的0.56,水质级别由中度污染改善为轻度污染,其中卫河、共产主义渠、大沙河、安阳河、汤河、马颊河的水质状况均有一定改善;模糊评价结果显示,NH₃-N和TP在9项评价因子中权重占比较大,是河南省辖海河流域的主要污染因子;2018年8条河流均达到Ⅰ—Ⅲ类水质。前2种评价方法适用于管理分析,模糊评价法可补充说明河流存在的问题,更适用于研究工作。     

应用改良型水质综合指数法评价饮用水水质

应用1套改良型水质综合指数法对3种不同类型的饮用水水质进行评价。将选取的26项检测指标按照卫生学意义分为5大类,并对各分类指标赋权。选用内梅罗法和最差因子判别法与五色等级分级法结合对2017年4—8月的3种类型饮用水进行水质评价。除7月和8月的管网水水质为2级（水质综合指数>0.5,蓝色）以外,其余月份的出水水质均达到1级（绿色）评价标准。不同类型饮用水中对水质综合指数影响最大的水质分类指标均是有机污染指标。2种不同类型的净水机出水水质均优于管网末梢水,但需注意个别指标的污染。