Occurrence,profile and possible sources of PCNs in Hong Kong soils,and a comparison with PCBs,PCDDs and PCDFs

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have been proposed for inclusion in the annexes of the Stockholm Convention by the European Union, signifying a probable increase in monitoring PCN levels at a global level. Investigations on PCN levels in the environment of Hong Kong have not been reported. In this preliminary investigation, PCN levels in surface soils samples were determined by isotope dilution HRGC/HRMS techniques, and compared with those of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The concentrations of PCNs in the soil samples were 35–883 pg g^?1 (average, 201; and median, 94 pg g^?1), which were lower than those of PCBs PCDDs and PCDFs. This comparison suggested that PCNs are currently not priority POPs compared with dioxins and PCBs in Hong Kong soils. PCDDs were the most important contributor to the sum of toxic equivalents of PCNs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs. OCDD was the most dominant dioxin congener in Hong Kong surface soils. PCB-118 was the most abundant in 12 dl-PCB congeners. PCN congeners indicating thermal related sources (CN52/60, CN66/67 and CN73) were relatively abundant in their respective homologs, which suggested PCN contamination from thermal sources. The ratio of CN73 to CN74 in soil samples suggested the contribution of PCN contaminations in soils from both thermal-related sources and evaporative emissions of technical PCN mixtures.     

不同氧浓度下脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧特性及动力学研究

利用热重分析法和Coats-Redfern积分法,对不同氧浓度下脱脂餐厨垃圾的燃烧特性进行研究,得到了各试样的着火温度、燃烬温度及综合燃烧特性指数,并通过燃烧动力学分析得到各试样的活化能。实验结果表明,燃烧温度从室温升至1 000℃时,脱脂餐厨垃圾燃烧过程可分为3个失重阶段:水分析出阶段、挥发分析出及燃烧阶段和固定碳燃烧阶段;随着氧浓度的升高,脱脂餐厨垃圾最大失重率以及燃烧特性指数等燃烧特性参数都有显著变化。根据Coats-Redfern积分法计算得低温和高温阶段的活化能分别为83.76~91.2 k J/mol和95.25~141.7 k J/mol。     

大宁河水生态系统健康评价

随着人口增长及社会经济的发展,河流水生态系统健康受到严重威胁.为了解大宁河水生态系统健康状况,选取大宁河2011-2015年水体水质[水温、pH、SD（透明度）、ρ（DO）、ρ（COD_Mn）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）]与水生态[藻密度、ρ（Chla）]9个主要指标,构建了大宁河水生态系统健康评价指标体系,运用基于熵值法的综合健康指数法对其水体生态系统健康状况进行综合评价.结果表明,2011-2015年,大宁河水生态系统健康状况整体呈亚健康状态,有50.89%的监测样本处于亚健康状态,枯水期健康状态好于丰水期.大宁河各监测断面CHI（综合健康指数）值的季节变化特征为丰水期低于枯水期;年际变化特征为从2011-2015年CHI值呈先升后降的变化趋势,健康状态呈先转好后转差的变化趋势,大宁河水体富营养化趋势明显;空间变化特征为丰水期和枯水期CHI最低值主要位于中下游的白水河、龙门和菜子坝断面,河流水质与人类活动强度密切相关.研究显示,影响大宁河水生态系统健康的关键因子为营养盐指标[ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）]和有机物指标[ρ（COD_Mn）].      

汽油车尾气羰基化合物排放特征研究

为了研究在用汽油车实际道路尾气中羰基化合物的排放特征,基于车载排放测试技术,利用2,4-DNPH吸附管对北京市10辆不同排放标准的在用汽油车实际道路尾气排放进行采样测试,并应用高效液相色谱对排放的羰基化合物进行定量分析.结果表明,排放标准对测试汽油车尾气羰基化合物排放因子及组分均有明显影响,国Ⅰ前、国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ、国Ⅲ和国Ⅳ标准测试车辆羰基化合物排放因子分别为6.41、3.20、2.59、2.05和1.09 mg·km-1.行驶工况对测试车辆的羰基化合物排放因子也有较大影响,热启动工况排放因子最高,热运行工况次之,快速路工况最低.     

Characteristics of air pollution by polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the typical industrial areas of Tangshan City, China

The ambient air in vicinity of different industrial sources for PCDD/PCDFs was sampled by TSP/PM10 active samplers and passive PUF disk samplers in Tangshan City, a metropolis containing clusters of various industrial plants. The TEQ concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs ranged from 44.2 to 394.1 fg I-TEQ/m3 with an average of 169.9 fg I-TEQ/m3. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant contributor to PTEQ, contributing 41% (12% to 55%), while 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, OCDD and OCDF were the major congeners for the total concentrations. The ratios of PPCDF/PPCDD reached 2.54 on average, suggesting that de novo synthesis in thermal processes played an important role to the airborne pollution of PCDD/PCDFs. The similarities congener profiles indicated that TSP and PM10 active sampling methods are comparable for the determination of the PCDD/PCDFs in ambient air, and the ratios of concentrations determined by the two methods suggested that the PCDD/PCDFs tended to stay in fine particles. It was found that 2,3,7,8-TCDF and OCDD were the dominating congeners in the passive PUF disks samples. Through principal components analysis, the coke industry was suggested to be a relatively high potential emission source for PCDD/PCDFs in the ambient air of Tangshan, which was possibly formed by de novo synthesis mechanism. In this study, the atmospheric impacts to the environment from di erent industrial sources could be ranked as follows (from high to low): coking, iron sintering, steel making, power generation and chlorinate alkali chemical production industries.     

Estimation and characterization of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, PCNs, HxCBz and PeCBz emissions from magnesium metallurgy facilities in China

Magnesium production is considered to be one potential source of unintentional persistent organic pollutants (unintentional POPs). However, studies on the emissions of unintentional POPs from magnesium metallurgy are still lacking. Emissions of unintentional POPs, such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz) are covered under the Stockholm Convention. In this study, these emissions were investigated through a magnesium smelting process. Stack gas and fly ash samples from a typical magnesium plant in China were collected and analyzed to estimate the emissions of unintentional POPs from magnesium metallurgy. Emissions factors of 412 ng TEQ t⁻¹ for PCDD/Fs, 18.6 ng TEQ t⁻¹ for dl-PCBs, 3329 μg t⁻¹ for PCNs, 820 μg t⁻¹ for HxCBz, and 1326 μg t⁻¹ for PeCBz were obtained in 2009. Annual emissions from magnesium metallurgy in China were estimated to be 0.46 g WHO-TEQ for PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs, 1651 g for PCNs, 403 g for HxCBz and 653 g for PeCBz, respectively.     

蛭石人工湿地中吸附-生物转化系统脱氮能力及其机理研究

以蛭石为吸附介质构建了3个人工湿地处理单元：跌流曝气系统(I)、挂膜蛭石床系统(Ⅱ)和无挂膜对照系统（Ⅲ）。在氨氮浓度为20 mg/L水平上,研究比较了蛭石与挂膜蛭石系统的纯基质吸附与基质吸附加生物转化脱氮能力的差异。结果表明：蛭石能有效去除废水中的氨氮。与系统Ⅲ相比,系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ的氨氮平均去除率提高了20%,且具有处理效果稳定的特点。通过跌流曝气供氧进一步提高氨氮去除率,在试验末期,系统I氨氮去除率高于系统Ⅱ24%左右。无植物处理系统中氨氮的降解主要由基质吸附和生物转化共同完成,生物转化在脱氮中的贡献率最大可达87.4%。生物转化除了硝化反硝化作用外,可能还存在厌氧氨氧化过程。相关性分析结果表明,影响人工湿地硝化反硝化强度的主要因素有溶解氧、硝化反硝化菌数量及生物膜生物量。     

用于氨氮去除的13X分子筛／PES膜吸附剂的制备与性能表征

针对氨氮排放对环境造成的污染以及给人类带来的危害这一问题,将分子筛吸附与膜技术相结合,以13x分子筛为功能颗粒,以聚醚砜（PES）为膜的基质材料,以二甲基乙酰胺（DMAc）为溶剂,通过相转化法制备了不同13x分子筛填充量的13x／PEs膜吸附剂。研究发现,随着13x分子筛填充量的增加,膜的指状孔变得细密、短小,其吸附容量,断裂强度都在增加,但是水通量逐渐降低。料液温度与pH值对吸附性能的影响表明,该膜吸附剂在293K,pH=7时对氨氮有较好的吸附容量,可达21．69mg／g;吸附热力学研究表明,该类型膜吸附剂对氨氮的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程。     

Atmospheric emission of polychlorinated naphthalenes from iron ore sintering processes

Iron ore sintering processes constitute significant sources of dioxins, and studies have confirmed a close correlation between polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and dioxin formation. Thus, iron ore sintering processes are thought to be a potential source of PCNs, although intensive investigations on PCN emissions from sintering processes have not been carried out. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to qualify and quantify PCN emissions from nine sintering plants operating on different industrial scales. PCN concentrations ranged from 3 to 983 ng m⁻³ (0.4-23.3 pg TEQ_PCN m⁻³) and emission factors ranged from 14 to 1749 μg t⁻¹ (0.5-41.5 ng TEQ_PCN t⁻¹), with a geometric mean of 84 μg t⁻¹ (2.1 ng TEQ_PCN t⁻¹). The estimated annual emission of PCNs from sintering processes in China was 1390 mg TEQ_PCN. These figures will assist in the development of a PCN emissions inventory. Regarding emission characteristics, PCNs mainly comprised low-chlorinated homologs. The ratios of several characteristic PCN congeners were also measured and compared with those from other sources. Taken together, these results may provide useful information for identifying the sources of PCNs produced by iron ore sintering processes.     

Implications for biological invasion of non-native plants for sale in the world's largest online market

Internet trade is increasingly recognized as a dispersal pathway of non-native plant species that is difficult to monitor. We sought to identify non-native flora present in the Chinese online market, the largest e-commerce market globally, and to decipher the effect of existing trade regulations, among other variables, on e-trading patterns and to inform policy. We used a comprehensive list of 811 non-native plant species in China present in 1 of the 3 phases of the invasion continuum (i.e., introduced, naturalized, and invasive). The price, propagule types, and quantities of the species offered for sale were retrieved from 9 online stores, including 2 of the largest platforms. Over 30% of the non-native species were offered for sale in the online marketplaces; invasive non-native species dominated the list (45.53%). No significant price difference was observed across the non-native species of the 3 invasion categories. Among the 5 propagule types, a significantly higher number of non-native species were offered for sale as seeds. The regression models and path analyses consistently revealed a direct positive effect of the number of uses and species’ minimum residence time and an indirect effect of biogeography on the pattern of trade in non-native plant species when minimal phylogenetic signal was detected. A review of the existing phytosanitary regulations in China revealed their inadequacy in managing e-trading of non-native plant species. To address the problem, we propose integration of a standardized risk assessment framework that considers perceptions of stakeholders and is adaptable based on continuous surveillance of the trade network. If implemented successfully, the measures could provide a template for other countries to strengthen trading regulations for non-native plant species and take proactive management measures.