流动注射分光光度法测定水中六价铬的研究

研究建立了测定水中六价铬的流动注射光度分析方法,探讨了利用抗坏血酸的还原性扣除水样中轻度色度或浊度干扰的可行性.本方法线性关系好,检出限低,精密度和准确度高,对地表水、地下水、生活污水、工业废水等实样的测定获得了令人满意的结果.与传统的二苯基碳酰二肼分光光度法相比,具有方法简单、灵敏度高、分析速度快等优点,适用于环境监测的分析工作.     

镇江地区土壤中重金属Cu和Pb污染状况与空间分布

为了锯镇江地区土壤中重金属Cu和Ph的污染状况与空间分布,对镇江地区表层土壤中的Cu和Pb进行了采样监测。结果表明,镇江地区表层土壤中cu的含量为19．2～273mg／kg,Pb的含量为20．6～3846mg／kg。与全省土壤背景值相比,均有一定程度的富集。对cu和Pb的相互关系进行分析可得出,镇江地区土壤在一定程度上受到农业面源的污染。     

Artificial neural network modeling of dissolved oxygen in the Heihe River, Northwestern China

Identification and quantification of dissolved oxygen (DO) profiles of river is one of the primary concerns for water resources managers. In this research, an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to simulate the DO concentrations in the Heihe River, Northwestern China. A three-layer back-propagation ANN was used with the Bayesian regularization training algorithm. The input variables of the neural network were pH, electrical conductivity, chloride (Cl^?), calcium (Ca²⁺), total alkalinity, total hardness, nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), and ammonical nitrogen (NH₄-N). The ANN structure with 14 hidden neurons obtained the best selection. By making comparison between the results of the ANN model and the measured data on the basis of correlation coefficient (r) and root mean square error (RMSE), a good model-fitting DO values indicated the effectiveness of neural network model. It is found that the coefficient of correlation (r) values for the training, validation, and test sets were 0.9654, 0.9841, and 0.9680, respectively, and the respective values of RMSE for the training, validation, and test sets were 0.4272, 0.3667, and 0.4570, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was used to determine the influence of input variables on the dependent variable. The most effective inputs were determined as pH, NO₃-N, NH₄-N, and Ca²⁺. Cl^? was found to be least effective variables on the proposed model. The identified ANN model can be used to simulate the water quality parameters.     

试析加强环境监测、监察业务联动的意义、内容和措施

环境监察和环境监测是环境保护工作的重要组成部分,监察体现了环保工作的权威性,监测则保证了环保工作的科学性。全面论述加强环境监察监测联动的重要意义,从思想和技术方面探讨加强环境监察监测联动的可行方法,对如何建立科学的环境监察与环境监测联动机制,快速、准确查处环保违法行为具有一定的指导意义。     

土壤中酞酸酯类化合物监测方法的质量控制研究

从监测结果控制的角度对近10年的土壤中PAEs监测方法进行了探讨,重点比较了索氏萃取柱净化GC/MS、微波萃取柱净化GC、加速溶剂萃取柱净化GC/MS和加速溶剂萃取GPCGC/MS方法的检出限、精密度和准确度。旨在为中国土壤监测方法的建立提供基础支撑,为开展质量控制工作提供评价依据。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测水中不同形态砷

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)分离水中两种常见的砷形态As(III)、As(V),电感耦合等离子体质谱系统进行检测鉴定,利用C8色谱柱,探讨了甲醇含量、磷酸二氢钾浓度、四丁基氢氧化铵浓度、p H等测试条件,由此建立了水中砷形态的分析方法。结果表明,以1.5 mmol/L磷酸二氢钾、2 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化铵(TBAOH)、5%甲醇作为流动相,调节流动相为p H 5.5,流速为1.4 m L/min,上述两种不同形态的砷可在5.5 min内得以有效分离,As(III)、As(V)检出限分别为0.001、0.01μg/L,定量下限分别为0.005、0.03μg/L。该方法实现了对水中常见的不同形态砷(As(III)、As(V))的同时分析,具有灵敏度高、选择性好、检测速度快的特点,在水质分析领域具有重要意义与应用价值。     

建设近岸海域水质自动监测系统应考虑的几个问题

在近岸海域自动监测系统建设前,需要明确建设自动监测系统的目的性;从人员、经费、技术性能等方面综合分析开展自动监测系统建设和运行的可行性分析;同时考虑监测子站建成后仪器设备的安全问题,以保证自动监测系统能够发挥应有的作用。     

Adsorptive conversion of nitrogen dioxide from etching vent gases over activated carbon

Some metal etching operations emit limited flow rates of waste gases with reddish-brown NO₂ fume, which may cause visual and acidic-odor complaints, as well as negative health effects. In this study, tests were performed by passing caustic-treated waste gases vented from Al-etching operations through columns packed either with virgin or regenerated granular activated carbon (GAC) to test their adsorptive conversion performance of NO₂ in the gases. The gases contained 5–55 ppm NO₂ and acetic and nitric acids of below 3 ppm. Exhausted carbon was regenerated by scrubbing it with caustic solution and water, and dried for further adsorption tests. Results indicate that with an (empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 0.15 sec for the gas through the GAC-packed space, around 60% of the influent NO₂ of 54 ppm could be removed, and 47% of the removed NO₂ was converted by and desorbed from the carbon as NO. GAC used in the present study could be regenerated at least twice to restore its capacity for NO₂ adsorption. Within EBRTs of 0.076–0.18 sec, the adsorptive conversion capacity was linearly varied with EBRT. In practice, with an EBRT of 0.20 sec, a conversion capacity of 0.80 kg NO₂ (kg GAC)^?1 with an influent NO₂ of 40 ppm can be used as a basis for system design.

Implications: Some metal etching operations emit waste gases with reddish-brown (yellow when diluted) NO₂ fume which may cause visual and acidic-odor complaints, as well as negative health effects. This study provides a simple process for the adsorptive conversion of NO₂ in caustic-treated waste gases vented from metal-etching operations through a GAC column. With an EBRT of 0.20 sec, a conversion capacity of 0.80 kg NO₂ (kg GAC)^?1 with an influent NO₂ of 40 ppm can be used as a basis for system design. Saturated GAC can be regenerated at least twice by simply scrubbing it with aqueous caustic solution.     

A mini review of fluoride-induced apoptotic pathways

Fluorine or fluoride can have toxic effects on bone tissue and soft tissue at high concentrations. These negative effects include but not limited to cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, blood toxicity, and oxidative damage. Apoptosis plays an important role in fluoride-induced toxicity of kidney, liver, spleen, thymus, bursa of Fabricius, cecal tonsil, and cultured cells. Here, apoptosis activated by high level of fluoride has been systematically reviewed, focusing on three pathways: mitochondrion-mediated, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated, and death receptor-mediated pathways. However, very limited reports are focused on the death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathways in the fluoride-induced apoptosis. Therefore, understanding and discovery of more pathways and molecular mechanisms of fluoride-induced apoptosis may contribute to designing measures for preventing fluoride toxicity.     

基于GIS与栅格数据的安徽省人居环境自然适宜性测评

科学度量人居环境自然背景的适宜性,有助于合理引导人口分布与流动,促进区域人口、资源环境协调发展。运用GIS技术,以250 m×250 m栅格为基本单元,选取气候、地形、水文、地被、自然灾害等因子,构建人居环境自然适宜性评价模型,定量测评安徽省人居环境自然适宜程度,剖析各类型区的适宜性和限制性。研究表明：安徽省人居环境指数介于33.64～74.58之间,人居环境自然适宜性总体较好,绝大部分地区适宜人类居住,适宜性在空间上大体呈现南高北低的态势,与现有人口分布格局相反。一般适宜区面积最广,占安徽省总面积的46.08%;比较适宜区次之,占31.29%;高度适宜区占22.54%;临界适宜区面积最小,仅占0.08%。安徽省近61.16%的人口分布在一般适宜区,高度适宜区与比较适宜区人口所占比例不足40%,临界适宜区人口极为稀少。地形起伏度和水文指数是造成全省人居环境自然适宜性分异的主要因子,测评结果较为客观地反映了安徽省人居环境的自然本底。全省人口生存与发展的空间较大,人口流动与集聚的适宜范围较广。 关键词： 人居环境;自然适宜性;栅格;GIS;安徽省