石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铅的质量控制指标研究

通过对全国9个省份82家实验室监测数据的分析,研究确定了石墨炉原子吸收法测定水中铅的质量控制指标。建议控制值为：标准样品室内相对标准偏差（RSD）≤5.0%,实际样品相对偏差（RD）≤30.0%,标准样品室间相对标准偏差（RSD’）≤10%,标准样品相对误差（RE）≤±8.0%,加标回收率范围为90%～115%,同时还对方法的重复性和再现性指标进行了验证性研究。     

重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力的评价——以湖南省为例

针对重大冰雪灾害应急管理的复杂性,基于湖南冰雪灾害案例以及国内外自然灾害及其应急管理的相关文献,提出了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价指标结构。运用熵权法和群决策方法确定指标综合权重,采用群决策方法获得专家群体对一级评价指标的综合偏好,形成评价城市的综合评价矩阵,运用灰色综合评价模型求出各个评价城市应急管理能力的排序向量。最后以湖南省冰雪灾害为案例进行了应用。     

1780-1819年华北平原水旱灾害社会响应方式的转变

历史时期水旱灾害的社会响应典型案例重建是气候变化影响与适应研究的重要方向。选取1780-1819年间华北平原发生的4次典型水旱灾害(1785、1792、1813年旱灾及1801年水灾),基于清代档案资料和历史气候重建结果提取代用指标,对其灾情严重程度、政府救灾力度和灾民行为进行了量化描述和对比分析,发现:①4次灾害中赈济密度(赈灾物资数/成灾州县数)逐次下降,1813年旱灾中降至不足1785年旱灾的1/6,政府救灾力度遭到严重削弱;②灾民行为日益失控,从1792年旱灾和1801年水灾中的大规模跨区域迁徙,发展到1813年旱灾中大量加入盗匪和起义军,走向暴力。这一转变的发生,是在自然(气候突变、灾害增多)、社会(政府财政危机、人地矛盾激化)不利背景之下,政府与灾民的互动关系日趋消极的结果。     

南京城市大气氨-铵的高频演化及其气粒转化机制

本研究于2018年秋季利用在线气体和气溶胶组分监测仪以高时间分辨率连续测定南京市大气中的气体(主要是NH_3)与二次无机气溶胶(主要是NH_4~+、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-))浓度,借此研究污染和非污染期城市大气NH_3和NH_4~+的演化规律,进而探讨NH_3-NH_4~+气粒转化过程中的化学机制.结果表明,观测期间NH_3和NH_4~+浓度的平均值(±1σ)分别为(15. 3±6. 7)μg·m-3和(11. 3±7. 8)μg·m-3,且日变化在污染和非污染事件中呈现出显著的差异.综合在线观测的NH_3和NH_4~+浓度数据,通过计算潜在源贡献因子,分析了NH_3和NH_4~+的潜在贡献源区在重污染过程受长距离污染传输影响较小,证明城市也是NH_3排放的重要热点地区.进一步分析发现,NH_3-NH_4~+的气粒转化是影响NH_3和NH_4~+日变化的主要驱动因子.具体体现在:低温、高湿(温度在7. 5～12. 5℃,湿度在50%～90%)时,NH_3和NH_4~+的气固转化速度较快,NH_3与酸性物质反应生成更多的NH_4~+,使得(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3的形成从而导致污染事件的加剧.研究结果有助于厘清城市大气NH_3的来源和转化机制及其对颗粒物的潜在贡献.     

喀斯特地区小尺度农业土壤砷的空间分布及污染评价

贵州岩溶地貌分布广泛,部分地区的土壤砷(As)污染问题比较突出.为了解高As背景地区农业土壤As含量分布特征,选取贵州省兴义市西南部具有代表性的As污染区(典型喀斯特区、亚喀斯特区)为研究对象,并以非喀斯特区作为对照组,采用地统计分析与GIS相结合的方法研究农业土壤As的空间变异和污染状况,并采用Moran's I系数分析在小尺度下土壤As的空间自相关性及其方向性特征.结果表明,不同地貌区土壤中As含量从高到低依次为:典型喀斯特区亚喀斯特区非喀斯特区,其中典型喀斯特区农业土壤As的算术均值与几何均值分别为47. 9 mg·kg~(-1)和43. 3 mg·kg~(-1),亚喀斯特区其值分别为36. 8 mg·kg~(-1)和30. 1 mg·kg~(-1),两个区域农业土壤As含量明显高于贵州土壤As背景值,As的超标率分别为98. 5%和96. 7%,表现出明显的As累积,而非喀斯特区As超标率仅为6. 7%;独立样本T检验结果表明,在3个不同地貌类型中,农业土壤与自然土壤As含量均无显著性差异(P 0. 05).农业土壤As的Moran's I系数为0. 45,Z值为11. 61,在本采样尺度下具有显著的正空间自相关(P 0. 05),存在空间聚集,尤其是东北-西南方向空间自相关性较好,以结构性变异为主.农业土壤样本As总体上处于轻微污染至轻度污染之间,分别占27. 10%、29. 02%,部分地区处于中度污染级别,而处于无污染状态的样本占41. 94%.     

岩溶槽谷区农村居民点的时空分布特征及其驱动机制

深入分析岩溶槽谷区农村居民点的时空分布特征及驱动机制,对复杂地形、经济滞后地区建设美丽新农村有重要意义。在GIS技术支持下,基于核密度、网格、重心模型、样带及地形剖面相结合的方法,以2005年、2010年、2014年和2017年槽谷区农村居民点为数据源,对其时空演变特征及其规律进行对比分析。研究表明：（1）槽谷区农村居民点呈“西部集聚组团量少规模大,而中、东部零散错落量多规模小”的空间分布模式。（2）西部槽谷农村居民点垂直和坡度重心均有向槽坝迁移的趋势,而中、东部则相反。（3）西部槽谷农村居民点布局呈槽坝高、山坡两翼低的倒“U”型格局,而中、东部则相反。（4）槽谷区农村居民点分布格局与地形间存在密切的空间响应关系。     

氮磷比对湖泊富营养化模型参数敏感性的影响

运用Morris方法研究了蓝藻暴发期不同氮磷比条件下,巢湖富营养化模型中蓝藻、溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧的参数敏感性.结果表明：蓝藻的敏感参数随氮磷比不同有显著差异;氮缺乏情况下,蓝藻对氮转化过程相关参数较敏感;磷缺乏情况下则反之.在任何氮磷比条件下,溶解有机碳、营养物和溶解氧等非生物变量都是对直接参与其自身转化过程的参数最为敏感,它们在不同氮磷比情况下的敏感参数差异较小.相比较蓝藻生长过程的参数,基础代谢过程的参数对所有变量的影响都更强.此外,各个参数的敏感性与它们的相互作用强度呈显著正相关,且这种相关性在极端氮或磷缺乏情况下尤为显著.本研究的结果有助于深入理解湖泊富营养化现象、改善富营养化模型模拟效果和精度.     

Effects of reductive inorganics and NOM on the formation of chlorite in the chlorine dioxide disinfection of drinking water

Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) disinfection usually does not produce halogenated disinfection by-products, but the formation of the inorganic by-product chlorite (ClO₂^–) is a serious consideration. In this study, the ClO₂^– formation rule in the ClO₂ disinfection of drinking water was investigated in the presence of three representative reductive inorganics and four natural organic matters (NOMs), respectively. Fe²⁺ and S^2– mainly reduced ClO₂ to ClO₂^– at low concentrations. When ClO₂ was consumed, the ClO₂^– would be further reduced by Fe²⁺ and S^2–, leading to the decrease of ClO₂^–. The reaction efficiency of Mn²⁺ with ClO₂ was lower than that of Fe²⁺ and S^2–. It might be the case that MnO₂ generated by the reaction between Mn²⁺ and ClO₂ had adsorption and catalytic oxidation on Mn²⁺. However, Mn²⁺ would not reduce ClO₂^–. Among the four NOMs, humic acid and fulvic acid reacted with ClO₂ actively, followed by bovine serum albumin, while sodium alginate had almost no reaction with ClO₂. The maximum ClO₂^– yields of reductive inorganics (70%) was higher than that of NOM (around 60%). The lower the concentration of reductive substances, the more ClO₂^– could be produced by per unit concentration of reductive substances. The results of the actual water samples showed that both reductive inorganics and NOM played an important role in the formation of ClO₂^– in disinfection.     

Enhanced nitrogen removal upon the addition of volatile fatty acids from activated sludge by combining calcium peroxide and low-thermal pretreatments

This study investigated a combined low-thermal and CaO₂ pretreatment to enhance the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste activated sludge (WAS). The fermentative product was added to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an external carbon source to enhance nitrogen removal. The results showed that the combined pretreatment improved WAS solubilization, releasing more biodegradable substrates, such as proteins and polysaccharides, from TB-EPS to LB-EPS and S-EPS. The maximum VFA production of 3529 ± 188 mg COD/L was obtained in the combined pretreatment (0.2 g CaO₂/g VS + 70 °C for 60 min), which was 2.1 and 1.4-fold of that obtained from the sole low-thermal pretreatment and the control test, respectively. Consequently, when the fermentative liquid was added as an external denitrification carbon source, the effluent total nitrogen decreased to Class A of the discharge standard for pollutants in rural wastewater treatment plants in most areas of China.     

A large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber for studying atmospheric photochemical processes: Characterization and preliminary application

Understanding the formation mechanisms of secondary air pollution is very important for the formulation of air pollution control countermeasures in China. Thus, a large-scale outdoor atmospheric simulation smog chamber was constructed at Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (the CRAES Chamber), which was designed for simulating the atmospheric photochemical processes under the conditions close to the real atmospheric environment. The chamber consisted of a 56-m³ fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) Teflon film reactor, an electrically-driven stainless steel alloy shield, an auxiliary system, and multiple detection instrumentations. By performing a series of characterization experiments, we obtained basic parameters of the CRAES chamber, such as the mixing ability, the background reactivity, and the wall loss rates of gaseous compounds (propene, NO, NO₂, ozone) and aerosols (ammonium sulfate). Oxidation experiments were also performed to study the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA), including α-pinene ozonolysis, propene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene photooxidation. Temperature and seed effects on the vapor wall loss and SOA yields were obtained in this work: higher temperature and the presence of seed could reduce the vapor wall loss; SOA yield was found to depend inversely on temperature, and the presence of seed could increase SOA yield. The seed was suggested to be used in the chamber to reduce the interaction between the gas phase and chamber walls. The results above showed that the CRAES chamber was reliable and could meet the demands for investigating tropospheric chemistry.