Numerical analysis of keyhole geometry and temperature profiles in plasma arc welding

In keyhole plasma arc welding (PAW), the formation of the keyhole involves complicated thermo-physical mechanism. The shape and dimensions of the keyhole directly determine the heat deposition along the thickness direction of the test plates, the penetration depth and the weld bead quality. Based on analysis of the forces acting on the weld pool, a keyhole model is established according to the force-balance condition on the keyhole wall. The shape and dimensions of quasi-steady state keyhole are numerically predicted. The keyhole shape and size are used to calibrate some distribution parameters of the combined volumetric heat source which takes into consideration the geometrical feature of welds with larger ratio of penetration depth to width and volumetric distribution characteristic of the plasma heat intensity along the plate thickness direction. The temperature fields on stainless steel plates are numerically simulated. The calculated fusion line at the transverse cross-section of PAW welds are compared with the experimental measurements. It is found that the predicted results are in agreement with the experimental data.     

Response of PM2.5-bound elemental species to emission variations and associated health risk assessment during the COVID-19 pandemic in a coastal megacity

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is disrupting the world from many aspects. In this study, the impact of emission variations on PM_2.5-bound elemental species and health risks associated to inhalation exposure has been analyzed based on real-time measurements at a remote coastal site in Shanghai during the pandemic. Most trace elemental species decreased significantly and displayed almost no diel peaks during the lockdown. After the lockdown, they rebounded rapidly, of which V and Ni even exceeded the levels before the lockdown, suggesting the recovery of both inland and shipping activities. Five sources were identified based on receptor modeling. Coal combustion accounted for more than 70% of the measured elemental concentrations before and during the lockdown. Shipping emissions, fugitive/mineral dust, and waste incineration all showed elevated contributions after the lockdown. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) for the target elements exceeded the risk threshold for both children and adults with chloride as the predominant species contributing to HQ. Whereas, the total carcinogenic risk (TR) for adults was above the acceptable level and much higher than that for children. Waste incineration was the largest contributor to HQ, while manufacture processing and coal combustion were the main sources of TR. Lockdown control measures were beneficial for lowering the carcinogenic risk while unexpectedly increased the non-carcinogenic risk. From the perspective of health effects, priorities of control measures should be given to waste incineration, manufacture processing, and coal combustion. A balanced way should be reached between both lowering the levels of air pollutants and their health risks.     

坡耕地不同作物及有无树篱对土壤微生物群落结构与多样性的影响研究

为研究种植不同作物及有无树篱的坡耕地中土壤微生物群落结构与多样性是否有差异,以湖北秭归张家冲水土保持站试验田坡耕地有无树篱及3种典型作物(茶树、柑橘、花生)搭配共计6种样地为研究对象,测定其土壤的理化性质,并通过16S rDNA测序法对土壤微生物群落组成与多样性进行研究。结果表明:不同作物及有无树篱均对土壤微生物群落组成与多样性有显著影响(p0.05);花生样地含有最多种类的土壤微生物(p0.05),其土壤微生物多样性最高;无树篱样地土壤微生物门和目的数目高于有树篱样地;研究样地中土壤微生物优势种类在门的水平上有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)占总数的23.22%、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)16.59%、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)14.81%、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)9.38%,在属的水平上有DA101属11.34%、慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)8.77%、出芽菌属(Gemmata)6.19%、红游动菌属(Rhodoplanes)5.05%;土壤微生物分布受土壤理化性质的影响,酸杆菌门和变形菌门细菌丰度与土壤pH值呈显著正相关(p=0.042),说明土壤pH值显著影响土壤微生物的分布。     

居民对室内空气质量安全认知程度的调查研究

为了解山西省城市居民对室内空气质量安全的认知情况和室内空气质量现状,在山西省太原、大同、晋城和吕梁随机选取786户居民进行问卷调查,并对有检测意愿的86户居民进行室内甲醛含量检测.结果表明,山西省居民室内空气质量安全认知得分15.37,得分率为51%;山西省居民平均室内甲醛浓度(0.197 mg/m3)超过国家标准(0.1 mg/m3);四市中太原市的情况最好.山西省居民在室内空气质量安全方面的认知水平和室内空气质量都不高,为保障山西省居民健康,应对山西省城市居民进行室内空气质量安全知识的普及.     

纳米四氧化三铁/过碳酸钠降解DDTs及降解产物

以滴滴涕(DDTs)为降解对象,采用基于纳米Fe_3O_4/过碳酸钠的新型非均相类芬顿试剂进行处理,考察了纳米Fe_3O_4投加量、过碳酸钠投加量和初始pH值对水中DDE、DDD、o,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDT4种DDTs去除率的影响.同时,采用响应面法进行多因素实验设计,利用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了DDTs降解率与实验条件之间的关系,并对实验条件进行了优化.结果表明,纳米Fe_3O_4和过碳酸钠单独处理对DDTs降解率的最大值均小于60%,两者联合处理可大幅度提高DDTs降解率,表明两者对于DDTs降解存在较好的协同作用,纳米Fe_3O_4/过碳酸钠体系在碱性条件下可以有效降解水样中的DDTs.在纳米Fe_3O_4投加量为8.0 g·L~(-1)、过碳酸钠投加量为1.5 g·L~(-1)、溶液初始pH值为11的条件下,DDE、DDD、o,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDT的降解率分别为95.5%、84.3%、96.8%和87.5%,与模型预测值接近.自由基猝灭实验结果表明,羟基自由基是降解过程中主要的活性物质.GC/MS检测结果表明,DDTs脱氯生成DDE和DDD,随后DDE和DDD进一步降解生成DDMU、o,p′-TDE、DDNU、DDMS及DBP等物质.     

电镀废水中低浓度镍和锌离子的高效富集研究

电镀废水中低浓度重金属离子的处理普遍采用混凝沉淀法,由此产生了大量重金属污泥,其安全处置过程复杂且成本较高.基于此,本文研究了一种资源化回收电镀废水中低浓度镍离子(Ni~(2+))和锌离子(Zn~(2+))的方法.结果表明,电镀废水经过铁盐混凝后,产生的沉淀溶解于硝酸中,得到硝酸溶解液中Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度分别高达2.3 g·L~(-1)和1.5 g·L~(-1),而杂质铁(Fe~(3+))浓度为12.2 g·L~(-1).将硝酸溶解液直接进行水热处理,溶液中Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度不变,残留铁浓度为1.76 g·L~(-1).向硝酸溶解液中添加乙酰丙酸(C_5H_8O_3)后进行水热处理,Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)浓度依然不变,但溶液中残留铁浓度仅为0.78 mg·L~(-1).硝酸溶解液中铁的去除主要源于水热条件下铁的水解和缩聚转化为高结晶度的赤铁矿.添加乙酰丙酸能够同时降低溶液中NO~-_3浓度和提升pH值,促进溶液中铁的水解和缩聚.     

利用深层地下水防治大骨节病分析

大骨节病是一种骨关节变形地方性慢性病。该病病因复杂,以生物地球化学和地球化学生态学理论为指导,在研究区进行水文地质环境调查,并对饮水水样分析对比,发现病区饮水水源低矿化度、高腐殖酸是大骨节病患病的重要因素,据此在病区开展改水工程,探讨利用深层地下水改善病区饮水水质和提高居民生活水平的有效性,为大骨节病致病水源假说提供相关的理论依据,同时为病区综合防治大骨节病提供相关经验。     

聊城冬小麦测土配方施肥项目生命周期环境效益分析

测土配方施肥行动已在全国范围内开展,其实施效果还有待评估,而生命周期分析有助于系统地评估其实施的直接与间接环境效益.因此,本研究以山东省聊城市2006—2010年冬小麦的测土配方施肥项目为例,对冬小麦施肥生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放进行清单分析,并以常规施肥区为参照对象评估测土配方施肥项目的环境净效益.结果表明,测土配方施肥通过化肥减量使用和合理搭配,提高了单产,显著减少了冬小麦生命周期资源消耗与污染物排放量,其富营养化、环境酸化的减缓效益和节能效益分别相当于2000年世界人均影响潜力的6.90%、1.38%和0.89%.环境效益年际间总体上呈下降趋势,表明测土配方施肥项目起到了一定的示范推广作用,常规施肥区农户对氮肥的使用趋于理性,但磷肥投入尚有减量潜力,是继续改善项目实施效益的关键.     

广东省低碳城市评价体系研究

以广东省21个地级市为研究对象,根据低碳发展理念与目标,结合广东省的低碳发展路径,选取与低碳城市发展密切相关的14个基础指标,构建广东省低碳城市评价指标体系进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)广东省低碳城市评价较好的城市主要有广州、深圳、珠海、佛山、惠州等。(2)参与评价的城市得分均较高,整体上具备良好发展势头。(3)排名越靠后的城市,制约指标越多,新能源与可再生能源比例是广东省低碳发展最受制约的指标。(4)单位土地面积碳排放量指标各城市间的反差最大,主要是由于各城市的市域面积不一,能源消费与经济发展不平均而造成的。