基于非线性能量阱的悬吊摆对输电塔-振动控制的研究

针对输电塔结构在地震作用下动力响应过大的问题,提出一种基于非线性能量阱的悬吊摆以降低输电塔的动力响应。首先利用拉格朗日方程推导了这种悬吊摆的运动方程,再以一单自由度结构为例,建立了摆式非线性能量阱—结构的动力方程,计算了摆式非线性能量阱在正弦激励下的减振效果,并对正弦激励周期、悬吊摆周期、立方刚度、质量比等参数对减振效果的影响进行了分析。最后选取一柔性输电塔为例,研究了不同地震作用下摆式非线性能量阱的减振效果,并与传统的悬吊质量摆和线性弹簧摆进行对比。结果表明,在地震作用下,摆式非线性能量阱对输电塔动力响应的峰值和均值都有较好的减振效果。     

农田土壤固碳作用对温室气体减排的影响

温室气体排放引起的全球气候变暖和平流层臭氧空洞已成为当前人们关注的环境问题之一。土壤碳库作为地表生态系统中最活跃的碳库之一,是甲烷、二氧化碳、一氧化二氮等温室气体的重要释放源,也是重要的吸收汇。因此,寻找农田土壤系统碳管理的有效方法已经成为缓解温室效应的重要科学问题。西方发达国家已将固碳农业作为环境管理的重要导向,应用颗粒分组13CNMR或CPMAS-NMR技术对土壤碳固定的机制研究指出微团聚体与矿物-粘粒复合体的相互作用是土壤有机碳稳定存在的主要方式,揭示了土壤有机碳的腐殖质转化及其与土壤矿物、金属氧化物结合的微观水平,且从土壤物理结构、化学组成和生物学特性等多学科交叉研究土壤有机碳的固定机理及其稳定机制。长期传统的土地利用方式和管理措施所导致的土壤有机碳含量、密度及垂直分布的变化是造成土壤碳库损失的主要原因,为了增加农业生态系统土壤有机碳的含量,土地利用方式和农业管理措施应该从增加有机碳输入量和减少有机碳矿化两方面着手,加强对农业土壤固碳潜力和土壤碳库稳定性影响因素的多角度研究。     

Microbial bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the sediments of Lake Shankou, Northeastern China

Dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)extracted from Lake Shankou sediments using KCl was isolated into hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions.The bioavailabilities of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions to three types of bacterial communities collected from sediments,activated sludge and compost products were examined.The DON recoveries obtained by DAX-8 and cation exchange resins treatment were 96.17% ± 1.58% and 98.14% ±0% for the samples obtained from N4 and N14 stations,respectively.After 25 days of incubation at 25°C,most DON(59% to 96%)was degraded.Hydrophilic DON exhibited a higher reduction rate than hydrophobic DON during the growth phase.Untreated wastewater from Changshuihe town was the main degradable DON source to station N4,and 93% of hydrophilic DON and 80% of hydrophobic DON were degraded.Station N14 received a large amount of refractory DON from forest soils and exhibited DON degradation rates of 82% and 71% for the hydrophilic and hydrophobic fractions,respectively.Amino acid contents and fluorescence intensities were also analyzed.Approximately 27% to 74% of amino acids were taken up by day 5,and their concentration gradually increased in the following days due to the decomposition of dissolved proteins.Parallel factor analysis resulted in identification of tryptophan-like proteins,tyrosine-like proteins and FA-like substances.During the growth phase,40%–51% of the tryptophan-like proteins were taken up by bacteria,and the accumulation of tyrosine-like proteins was attributed to the release of biotic substances.The concentration of the FA-like substances decreased due to microbial decomposition.     

我国部分河流重金属水-固分配系数及在河流质量基准研究中的应用

计算了我国部分河流天然物理化学条件下重金属在水相－颗粒物相间的分配系数,长江水系重金属水－固分配系数大于黄河反映了颗粒物度组成的差异,而长江口重金属－固分配系数大于长江武汉段则反映了离子强度的影响,在此基础上,运用平衡分配法根据实测天然分配系数尝试了长江,黄河沉积物某重金属的质量基准。     

Current status of indoor dust PBDE pollution and its physical burden and health effects on children

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely detected in indoor dust, which has been identified as a more important route of PBDE exposure for...     

城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质研究进展

针对城市污泥堆肥特点,阐述了国内外城市污泥堆肥用作草坪基质的研究现状。总结了污泥堆肥用于草坪生产存在的问题,并认为研究重点应放在污泥堆肥混合基质的组成、水肥管理技术、草种的筛选、规范堆肥生产和草坪质量综合评价标准及可能存在的环境问题等方面。另外,需要加大高新技术的投入促进产业化,以便为污泥堆肥用作草坪基质提供确实的理论指导和技术支持。     

Effects of nano-silicon and common silicon on lead uptake and translocation in two rice cultivars

The current study investigated the effects of nano-silicon (Si) and common Si on lead (Pb) toxicity, uptake, translocation, and accumulation in the rice cultivars Yangdao 6 and Yu 44 grown in soil containing two different Pb levels (500 mg·kg⁻¹ and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹). The results showed that Si application alleviated the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth. Under soil Pb treatments of 500 and 1000 mg·kg⁻¹, the biomasses of plants supplied with common Si and nano-Si were 1.8%–5.2% and 3.3%–11.8% higher, respectively, than those of plants with no Si supply (control). Compared to the control, Pb concentrations in rice shoots supplied with common Si and nano-Si were reduced by 14.3%–31.4% and 27.6%–54.0%, respectively. Pb concentrations in rice grains treated with common Si and nano-Si decreased by 21.3%–40.9% and 38.6%–64.8%, respectively. Pb translocation factors (TFs) from roots to shoots decreased by 15.0%–29.3% and 25.6%–50.8%, respectively. The TFs from shoots to grains reduced by 8.3%–13.7% and 15.3%–21.1%, respectively, after Si application. The magnitudes of the effects observed on plants decreased in the following order: nano-Si treatment>common Si treatment and high-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yangdao 6)>low-grain-Pb-accumulating cultivar (Yu 44) and heavy Pb stress (1000 mg·kg⁻¹)>moderate Pb stress (500 mg·kg⁻¹)>no Pb treatment. The results of the study indicate that nano-Si is more efficient than common Si in ameliorating the toxic effects of Pb on rice growth, preventing Pb transfer from rice roots to aboveground parts, and blocking Pb accumulation in rice grains, especially in high-Pb-accumulating rice cultivars and in heavily Pb-polluted soils.     

Blood concentrations of lead,cadmium, mercury and their association with biomarkers of DNA oxidative damage in preschool children living in an e-waste recycling area

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage occurs in heavy metal exposure, but the simultaneous effect on DNA repair is unknown. We investigated the influence of co-exposure of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) on 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and human repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) mRNA levels in exposed children to evaluate the imbalance of DNA damage and repair. Children within the age range of 3–6 years from a primitive electronic waste (e-waste) recycling town were chosen as participants to represent a heavy metal-exposed population. 8-OHdG in the children’s urine was assessed for heavy metal-induced oxidative effects, and the hOGG1 mRNA level in their blood represented the DNA repair ability of the children. Among the children surveyed, 88.14% (104/118) had a blood Pb level >5 μg/dL, 22.03% (26/118) had a blood Cd level >1 μg/dL, and 62.11% (59/95) had a blood Hg level >10 μg/dL. Having an e-waste workshop near the house was a risk factor contributing to high blood Pb (r _s  = 0.273, p < 0.01), while Cd and Hg exposure could have come from other contaminant sources. Preschool children of fathers who had a college or university education had significantly lower 8-OHdG levels (median 242.76 ng/g creatinine, range 154.62–407.79 ng/g creatinine) than did children of fathers who had less education (p = 0.035). However, we did not observe a significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of hOGG1 between the different variables. Compared with children having low lead exposure (quartile 1), the children with high Pb exposure (quartiles 2, 3, and 4) had significantly higher 8-OHdG levels (β _Q2 = 0.362, 95% CI 0.111–0.542; β _Q3 = 0.347, 95% CI 0.103–0.531; β _Q4 = 0.314, 95% CI 0.087–0.557). Associations between blood Hg levels and 8-OHdG were less apparent. Compared with low levels of blood Hg (quartile 1), elevated blood Hg levels (quartile 2) were associated with higher 8-OHdG levels (β _Q2 = 0.236, 95% CI 0.039–0.406). Compared with children having low lead exposure (quartile 1), the children with high Pb exposure (quartiles 2, 3, and 4) had significantly higher 8-OHdG levels.     

计及多类约束的安控系统在线校核技术

通过对安控装置运行状态进行实时监视与识别,准确获取安控系统运行状态,对分散的安控系统策略进行结构化统一建模,实现了安控当值策略的快速识别,为离线策略在线校核提供基础数据,并进行了安控系统的静态安全、暂态安全和动态稳定的全面校核。研究结果表明一种计及多类安全稳定约束的安控系统在线校核技术对防止安控系统离线策略控制量不足或者不匹配等情况有很好的指导意义。     

机械化学法修复柴油污染土壤的效率、产物及影响

针对常规污染土壤修复处理方法存在有毒降解产物、容易产生二次污染等问题,本研究采用行星球磨仪研究了机械化学法（MC）对柴油污染土壤的修复效能,利用GC/MS对柴油烃组分的降解产物进行分析,并采用SEM、XRD、BET、FTIR和TGA等方法对不同处理条件下的土壤样品进行表征.结果表明,MC处理在0.5~4.0 h内对土壤中总石油烃（TPH）的去除率可达95%以上.随着初始TPH浓度和球土质量比的升高,TPH去除率随之提高.采用MC处理后柴油组分降解难度顺序如下：烷烃<烯烃<环烷烃<芳香族化合物.在球磨处理4 h后,未检出有毒有害残留物质.球磨后土壤粒径变小,表面变粗糙,粘土矿物中的硅氧四面体暴露在土壤表面,矿物结构的结晶度逐渐降低,晶体结构逐渐破裂或变形,可在土壤表面形成富电子区域或促使土壤具有更高的反应活性,这是机械化学法高效降解柴油的主要机制.其次,土壤有机质的主要官能团受到破坏,纳米级孔隙容量降低,从而降低了土壤组分的吸附能力,增加了柴油的有效性,也有助于柴油的解吸和机械化学降解.此外,随着球磨时间的增加,土壤有机碳（SOC）含量先增加后下降,但均高于处理前.可见,MC处理可以快速彻底降解土壤中的柴油,且有利于增加土壤有机碳含量,对于石油烃污染土壤修复具有较好的应用潜力.