新沂河污水净化生态工程研究

苏北水环境综合整治方案提出了“清污两制、控源导流”的水污染控制战略。以这一战略为指导,实施江苏省水污染集中控制两线工程。对北线工程新沂河污水生态工程的背景、工程方案与设计、污水系统水质模拟进行了详尽论述。     

利用粉煤灰改进含铜酸性废水硫化法处理工艺

用粉煤灰对硫化沉淀法处理含铜酸性废水工艺进行改进试验,试验表明粉煤灰有吸附和絮凝沉降的作用,可显著改善单一硫化法沉降速度慢和脱水困难的缺陷。     

Factors associated with financial support in old age for young and middle-aged rural residents in China

This study examined the factors associated with financial support in old age from three primary mechanisms-personal savings,family support,and social insurance-to explore the implications for the future development of China’s rural social welfare system.Cross-sectional surveys of 1392 young and middle-aged rural residents were conducted in July and August2012.The results showed that while social insurance was increasingly acceptable,personal savings and family support still had fundamental value.Combining the three mechanisms,the rural old-age welfare system presented nontraditional features.China’s new rural endowment insurance is discussed as a means to address the need for financial support among the rural aging population.     

Climate capacity:the measurement for adaptation to climate change

This article proposed the concept of"climate capacity"as a way of measuring human’s adaptiveness to climate change.This article also focused on the related concepts like ecological carrying capacity,water resources carrying capacity,land carrying capacity as well as population carrying capacity.The concept of climate capacity was articulated against a background of global climate and environmental change.Essentially,China’s efforts to adapt to climate change was a matter of improving climate capacity,which is the ecosystem as well as the frequency,the intensity and the scale of human’s social activities that the climatic resources of a particular geographic area were supposed to support.The climate capacity has two components.One is the natural climate capacity,which includes temperature,sunlight,precipitation,extreme climatic events,etc.The other is the derived climate capacity,which includes water resources,land resources,ecological systems,climatic risks,etc.The climate capacity can be developed or be transferred between regions by taking engineering,technology or regime-based adaptive measures.However,these adaptive measures must be implemented under the principle of economic rationalism,ecological integrity,climate protection,and social justice.It is expected that by combining the climate capacity and its threshold value with the assessment of climate change risks,we are able to predict the optimal population carrying capacity and the scale of socioeconomic development,and furthermore,provide policy support for the socioeconomic development strategy and adaptive planning.In the regions with high climate capacity,there is a symbiotic relationship between adaptation and socioeconomic development.But,in the regions with limited climate capacity,irrational development may further damage the environment.Taking the Yangtze River delta,a region with high climate capacity,and a region of Ningxia,a region with limited climate capacity,as illustrative examples,the authors of this article analyzed the policy implications of climate capacity and further made suggestions on the problems of capacitylimited adaptation and development-driven adaptation.This article argued that the concept of climate capacity can not only be used as an analytical instrument of climate change economics,but also it can provide research support for planning regional adaptation and development with climate change impact and risk assessments.     

我国环境监测仪器行业2010年发展综述

概述了2010年我国环境监测仪器行业的发展环境及经营状况;分析了行业总体技术的发展、新技术的应用以及骨干企业的发展现状;提出了行业存在的主要问题及解决对策和建议;对行业的发展进行了展望。     

北仑河口海域小型硅藻群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

北仑河口地处亚热带-热带地区,气候温暖湿润,是我国北部湾沿岸与越南交界的一个重要入海河口。于2008年3、5、8和11月分别采集该海域小型浮游硅藻,同时测定水温、盐度等水体参数,以及氮、磷、硅等18项水化学指标,分析了小型硅藻群落结构变化与环境因子之间的关系。该河口区的小型硅藻主要由纤细翼鼻状藻Proboscia alata f.gracillima、拟旋链角毛藻Chaetoceros pseudocurvisetus、细弱海链藻Thalassiosira subtilis、中华齿状藻Odontella sinensis和菱形藻Nitzschiasp.等优势种类组成,并且存在明显的季节性演替。应用典范对应分析,发现影响北仑河口硅藻群落结构的主要环境因子为温度、盐度、N、Si、Hg和悬浮体质量浓度等,且不同季节的主控因素有所差异。菱形藻对温度和Cu、As、Zn和Hg等重金属的耐受性较强。纤细翼鼻状藻适宜于生长在水体透明度高的海域,悬浮体质量浓度以6.27 mg.L-1以下为宜。拟旋链角毛藻受Cr的影响较大,高含量的Cr会限制其生长。而细弱海链藻和中华齿状藻对Hg的耐受性较强。     

两座高原水库蓝藻群落结构与微囊藻毒素的分布对比研究

为了了解贵州高原水库蓝藻群落组成特征和微囊藻毒素分布,于2009年10月对贵州高原2座水库——万峰湖和百花湖采样调查。结果表明:万峰湖以蓝藻为主要优势藻,蓝藻中的拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis sp.)占绝对优势,浮游植物丰度在13.05×104～55.80×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值占到了总量的82.55%,6个采样点中有3个(大坝、野鸭滩和革布)检出了微囊藻毒素MC-RR,且有1个点(革布)质量浓度超标,另外3个点(坝艾、坝达章和九里堡)未检出;百花湖以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同构成优势藻,蓝藻中的假鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena limnetica)是主要优势藻,浮游植物丰度在6.16×104～65.00×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值在总体中所占比例为33.25%,3个采样点(大坝、岩脚寨和码头)均未检出微囊藻毒素。形成2个高原水库蓝藻群落结构和微囊藻毒素分布差异的原因可能是:2个水库中氮、磷营养盐水平不同引起浮游植物群落组成不同,进而导致了微囊藻毒素的分布出现差异。     

水生植物种植场磷素分布特征与植物吸收

研究了水生植物种植场水体、沉积物及植物的磷含量及分布特征,结果表明进水的P浓度高于V类水标准,水生植物种植区内的由于受到沉淀、吸附及植物吸收的影响,水体P浓度远低于进水,水体不同形态P与TP之间呈现良好的相关关系;沉积物的TP质量分数在335～672 mg.kg-1之间,表层沉积物P质量分数是影响底层沉积物P质量分数的主要因素之一,沉积物中的TP和IP、OP之间同样存在相关性;水生植物对P均具有较好的吸收富集能力,不同水生植物的迁移系数均在0.5以上,平均为0.82,其中的黄花蔺(Limnocharis flava)与欧慈菇(Sagittaria sagittifolia)显示对P的良好吸收和迁移能力。基于本次调查的水生植物P质量分数统计分析表明,95%的水生植物地上部P质量分数正常值范围在1 415～4 947mg.kg-1之间,而地下部的P质量分数正常值范围在2 178～5 702 mg.kg-1之间。     

二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中消解动态及残留

为评价二氯喹啉酸在水稻及其土壤中的安全性,建立其在水稻上的使用规范,于2008、2009年在杭州、济南和铁力三地进行田间试验,研究了二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中消解动态及最终残留量。建立了二氯喹啉酸在水稻、土壤和田水中残留量的超高效液相色谱串联质谱测定方法。在添加水平5～100μg.kg-1范围内,二氯喹啉酸的平均回收率在81.6%～105.7%之间,相对标准偏差均低于17.9%。残留试验结果表明,二氯喹啉酸在植株、土壤和田水中消解均符合一级动力学方程,消解半衰期分别为16.4～18.6、16.6～21.9和15.4～16.9 d;二氯喹啉酸在植株、土壤、糙米和稻壳中最终残留量均未检出(<5μg.kg-1)。若二氯喹啉酸在水稻中的最高残留限量推荐值为0.5 mg.kg-1,建议每年以有效成分25 g.mu-1的剂量,于水稻移栽后10 d喷施1次,用于防治水稻田中稗草。     

污染场地土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)生物可利用浓度的健康风险评价方法

随土壤不慎经口摄入是PAHs对人体健康造成危害的重要途径之一,目前该暴露途径下PAHs的健康风险计算主要基于土壤中总PAHs浓度进行计算。但是,这种计算方法并未考虑PAHs在土壤中的赋存状态及经口摄入后在人体不同器官中的毒理动力学过程,导致计算结果过于保守,修复目标过于严格,修复成本过高。针对这一问题国外相关研究人员已开展基于土壤中PAHs生物可利用性的健康风险评价研究并取得较大进展,但在国内就如何在风险评价过程中引入PAHs生物可利用性及其面临的障碍缺乏系统性报道。在对土壤中PAHs赋存形态及其随土壤经口腔摄入后在人体消化及循环系统中的动态分配最新研究成果进行综述的基础上,通过对该暴露途径下现有风险计算模型存在问题及原因进行分析,提出基于土壤中PAHs可利用浓度进行风险计算,并对相应计算模型进行推导以及模型参数的获取方法进行了简要概括,以解决目前模型计算结果过于保守的问题。同时,对于在现有分层次进行场地健康风险评价思路中如何科学地纳入基于土壤中PAHs可利用浓度进行风险计算的思路以及在实际风险评价中应用该思路还需进行的研究工作进行了简要讨论。