铸造行业挥发性有机物排放成分谱及影响

采用气袋-吸附管采样方法对京津冀地区9家铸造企业重点工序有组织和无组织排放气体进行采集,运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）测定了56种VOCs组分,首次建立了铸造行业基于生产工序的VOCs源成分谱,并且结合臭氧生成潜势分析了VOCs对臭氧生成的贡献.结果表明,铸造行业VOCs特征组分主要为芳烃、卤代烃和含氧VOCs,平均占比分别为：50.9%、20.8%和12.6%.总体而言,甲苯、苯、间/对-二甲苯等芳烃,二氯甲烷、三氯乙烯等卤代烃,丙酮、乙酸乙酯、环戊酮等含氧VOCs和部分高碳烷烃是铸造行业的特征物种.铸造企业不同生产工序的VOCs特征物种与所使用溶剂、表面处理剂的成分相关.喷漆工序是铸造行业中排放浓度最高的环节,其次为造型、硅溶胶和浇注工序.不同生产工序排放VOCs的OFP在0.29~96.09 mg·m^-3之间.喷漆工序是铸造行业OFP最高的环节,其次是造型、熔炼和浇注工序;芳烃和含氧VOCs是各生产工序OFP贡献较高的组分.1,3,5-三甲苯、1,2,4-三甲苯、甲苯和间/对-二甲苯等芳烃是铸造行业OFP贡献较高的物种,总贡献比例超过60%.建议重点对喷漆工序排放VOCs采取有效治理措施;对造型、熔炼和浇注等工序排放VOCs应采取有效收集和治理措施.     

Plants grown on sewage sludge in South China and its relevance to sludge stabilization and metal removal

The production of sewage sludge in China has been increasing sharply in order to treat 40% of the municipal sewage in 2005 as planned by central government. The main sludge disposal method is landfill owing to heavy metal contamination, but it presents an attractive potential for agricultural land application. Experiments were carried out to study the simultaneous metal removal and sludge stabilization byplants. The sludge samples were collected from Datansha Wastewater Treatment Plant of Guangzhou, it contained excessive Cu and Zn comparedwith the Chinese National Standard for Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge. Plants growing on sludge beds were investigated to follow their growthand metal uptake. 30 sludge plants were identified during 1 year‘s observation. A Zn high-accumulating and high growth rate plant( A/ocas/amacrorrhiza) was selected and grown on sludge beds in plots. The water, organic matter, heavy metals and nutrients contents, the E. colinumber and the cress seed germination index were monitored for the slu,ge samples collected monthly. The plant growth pparameters and its heavy metals contents were also determined. The sewage sludge treated by plants could be stabilized at about 5 months, the E. coli numberwas significantly decreased and the cress seed germination index attained 100%. Crop on sludge could ameliorate the sludge drying. Theexperiments are continuing to find out the appropriate plant combination for simultaneous sludge stabilization and metal removal for an acceptableperiod. Comparisons between the proposed processes and other methods for treating produced sludge such as composting, chemical and bacterial.     

炼油外排废水回用试验

针对某炼油厂的废水场二沉池出水,先后采用曝气生物滤池和超滤工艺进行深度处理.试验结果表明,在曝气生物滤池中投加专性微生物菌种、曝气生物滤池HRT为2h、COD去除负荷为0.36 kg/( m3·d)、超滤膜通量为50L/(m2·h)的条件下,出水中的ρ(油)为0.8 mg/L、COD为57 mg/L、ρ(氨氮)为0.2 mg/L.出水水质达到Q/SH0104-2007《炼化企业节水减排考核指标与回用水质控制指标》,可回用于循环水的补水.     

Prediction of effluent concentration in a wastewater treatment plant using machine learning models

Of growing amount of food waste, the integrated food waste and waste water treatment was regarded as one of the efficient modeling method. However, the load of food waste to the conventional waste treatment process might lead to the high concentration of total nitrogen (T-N) impact on the effluent water quality. The objective of this study is to establish two machine learning models—artificial neural networks (ANNs) and support vector machines (SVMs), in order to predict 1-day interval T-N concentration of effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Ulsan, Korea. Daily water quality data and meteorological data were used and the performance of both models was evaluated in terms of the coefficient of determination (R²), Nash–Sutcliff efficiency (NSE), relative efficiency criteria (d_rel). Additionally, Latin-Hypercube one-factor-at-a-time (LH-OAT) and a pattern search algorithm were applied to sensitivity analysis and model parameter optimization, respectively. Results showed that both models could be effectively applied to the 1-day interval prediction of T-N concentration of effluent. SVM model showed a higher prediction accuracy in the training stage and similar result in the validation stage. However, the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the ANN model was a superior model for 1-day interval T-N concentration prediction in terms of the cause-and-effect relationship between T-N concentration and modeling input values to integrated food waste and waste water treatment. This study suggested the efficient and robust nonlinear time-series modeling method for an early prediction of the water quality of integrated food waste and waste water treatment process.     

重金属离子(Hg2+,Cu2+,Ag+)对鲮鱼咳嗽反应的影响

研究了重金属离子(Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Ag~+)对鲮鱼(Cirrhinus molitorella)咳嗽反应(cough response)的影响,并探讨利用这种反应作为生物监测水质重金属污染的可能性。实验结果表明,鲮鱼咳嗽反应的频率明显地随溶液中重金属离子浓度的增加而急剧增加。鲮鱼经受含三种重金属离子的混合溶液处理时,其反应比用含单一离子的溶液处理时强烈,提示重金属离子对鱼类呼吸运动机能的影响可能有协同作用。     

Formaldehyde concentration and its influencing factors in residential homes after decoration at Hangzhou, China

Air pollution surveys of formaldehyde(HCHO) were conducted in 2324 rooms decorated within one year in 2007-2009 in Hangzhou,China.The mean HCHO concentration(C HCHO) was 0.107 ± 0.095 mg/m 3,and 38.9% of samples exceeded the Chinese National Standard GB 50325-2010.Over the past 3 years,the C HCHO decreased with time(p < 0.05).Relationships of potential factors to indoor C HCHO were also evaluated.C HCHO was related to temperature(T),relative humidity(RH),time duration of the windows and doors being closed before sampling(DC),time duration from the end of decoration to sampling(DR) and source characteristics(d).A model to relate indoor C HCHO to these five factors(T,RH,DC,DR,d) was established based on 298 samples(R 2 = 0.87).Various factors contributed to C HCHO in the following order:T,43.7%;d,31.0%;DC,10.2%;DR,8.0%;RH,7.0%;specifically,meteorological conditions(i.e.,RH plus T) accounted for 50.7%.The coefficient of T and RH,R TH,was proposed to describe their combined influence on HCHO emission,which also had a linear relationship(R 2 = 0.9387) with HCHO release in a simulation chamber test.In addition,experiments confirm that it is a synergistic action as T and RH accelerate the release of HCHO,and that is a significant factor influencing indoor HCHO pollution.These achievements could lead to reference values of measures for the efficient reduction of indoor HCHO pollution.     

我国地级及以上城市臭氧污染来源及控制区划分

为划分我国臭氧污染控制区,制定更加科学合理的臭氧污染控制措施,根据2018年地面臭氧浓度监测数据,分析了全国338个地级及以上城市的臭氧超标情况,利用TCEQ方法计算出各城市的本地生成O₃量与区域传输O₃量,对本地生成O₃量与O₃日最大8 h平均值进行相关性分析,根据决定系数（R²）确定了各城市臭氧污染的主要来源.结果表明,2018年全国共有121个城市O₃浓度超标,超标率达35.8%;104个城市本地生成O₃对当地O₃污染影响较大,是O₃污染的主要来源;另外234个城市O₃污染的主要来源则以区域传输O₃为主.利用城市O₃超标情况与O₃污染来源将城市分为4类：超标-以本地生成O₃为主的城市（N-L）、超标-以区域传输O₃为主的城市（N-T）、达标-以本地生成O₃为主的城市（S-L）和达标-以区域传输O₃为主的城市（S-T）.最终根据各个省份中4类城市的占比,将全国划分为3类控制区：重度控制区、中度控制区及一般控制区.重度控制区中的N-L城市在3类控制区中占比最多（20.3%）,污染最为严重;中度控制区中4类城市的占比均属于中等水平;一般控制区中S-T城市占比最多（65.4%）,污染程度较轻.     

低温燃烧合成纳米Ni掺杂TiO2光催化剂的表征及活性研究

采用低温燃烧合成法制备了Ni掺杂TiO₂光催化剂,通过紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、激光散射、热重-差示扫描量热分析(TG-DSC)等方法对催化剂的光吸收特性、晶相组成、粒度分布、升温过程中化学变化等进行了表征,以亚甲基蓝为模型污染物考察了催化剂在可见光下的光催化活性.结果表明,相对P25而言,Ni掺杂TiO₂的光吸收带边红移,当Ni/Ti原子比为0.4时,催化剂的带隙宽度为2.3eV,对应的吸收带边为564nm;催化剂晶型以锐钛矿TiO₂为主,随Ni掺杂量增大,NiTiO₃比例升高;催化剂粒径主要分布在50～150nm之间,占总量的96.9%;升温过程中催化剂在445.2℃发生晶型转化,出现锐钛矿和NiTiO₃晶体.催化剂显示出较高的催化活性,在可见光作用150min后最高可使93.9%的亚甲基蓝分解,活性高于P25.     

络合沉淀结合混凝法去除浮选废水中有机磷

广西某铅锌矿选矿厂用含磷有机浮选药剂苯胺黑药(学名:二苯胺基二硫代磷酸)和丁铵黑药(学名:二丁基二硫代磷酸铵)作捕收剂,导致尾矿库溢流口外排废水总磷超标(总磷浓度为1.4~1.7 mg/L,p H=8.0)。实验研究表明,含巯基磷酸盐浮选废水中总磷主要为有机磷(占94%),钙盐、铁盐和铝盐混凝沉淀法对有机磷去除效果很差,3种金属离子不能与巯基磷酸盐反应生成沉淀物;但铜离子能与巯基磷酸盐生成溶度积很小的络合沉淀物,再通过混凝沉淀对有机磷可达到很好的去除效果。先加入硫酸铜20 mg/L进行络合沉淀反应,后再加入40 mg/L硫酸铝和1 mg/L PAM混凝沉淀,总磷去除率可达80%。处理后废水总磷浓度和重金属浓度均达到《铅、锌工业污染物排放标准(GB25466-2010)》排放要求。研究结果为该选矿厂浮选废水净化处理和回用工程的设计提供了科学依据。     

Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region

This study presents the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),O_3,SO_2 and NOxat one urban,one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 272013. Major chemical components of PM_(2.5)at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO_2(7–82 μg/m~3),O_3(27–171 μg/m~3) and NOx(14–213 μg/m~3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS)in China. However,PM_(2.5)concentrations(143–168 μg/m~3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS.Higher PM_(2.5)concentrations(~ 150 μg/m~3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site,while PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly increased from 250 to400 μg m~(-3) at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites,PM_(2.5)components were dominated by organic carbon(OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate(SO_4~(2-)),ammonium(NH_4~+) and nitrate(NO_3~-). Compared with rural sites,urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium(K~+and K) contribution to PM_(2.5).Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions(e.g.,biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions.Furthermore,coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period,the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region,as follows: secondary aerosol(39%),biomass burning(20%),supply heating(18%),soil/road dust(14%) and traffic(9%).