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491.
Madbuli H. Noweir Mustafa M. Alidrisi Mohammad S. Al-Jiffry 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1993,27(1):35-68
An environmental study for the appraisal of work hazards and safety in Jeddah Industrial Estate (JIE), Saudi Arabia has been
conducted. The study is based upon a representative (stratified random) sample of 44 enterprises, including 52 plants and
employing 5830 workers.
Nearly 2/3 of the workers have heat exposure, orginating from climatic heat and heat dissipated from industrial operations,
while exposure to noise is slightly less, and is attributed to noisy operations and machinery and to lack of meticulous maintenance;
both exposures are mild in most of the plants and moderate in some. Mild exposures to nonionizing radiations (UV and IR) and
to deficient illumination occur in 25% and 19.2% of the plants studied. Respiratory exposure to chemical agents (organic and
inorganic dusts, metal fumes, gases and vapours — including asphyxiants, irritants, liver and nervous system offenders and
acid and alkali mists) occurs in 75% of the plants, particularly in the medium-size enterprises plants; however, is mainly
mild with a few moderate and severe exposures. Skin absorption contributes to absorption of chemical agents in 29% of the
plants, and direct skin contact to chemicals (particularly to lubricating oils) occurs in 81% of the plants.
Meanwhile, only eight plants, out of the 32 plants where controls for physical hazards are required (51.2%), apply engineering
controls, and even in a few of these plants the efficiency of the control measures has been rated ‘bad’. A few of them provide
personal protective equipment, and even no maintenance to this equipment is provided.
The level of safety is better in the large plants than in the small and medium-size plants; the safety score is the best in
the recently established plants, while is the worst in the plastic industry, which is relatively old. The appraisal of fire
protection is better than that of the safety, due to efficient supervision of the General Directorate of Civil Defense (GDCD).
However, most of the safety problems are managerial and are preventable.
First aid is present in all enterprises, as required by the Saudi Labor Laws; however, an in-plant medical service is present
in 75% of the large enterprises, in 31.6% of the medium-size and in only 17.6% of the small enterprises. Also, satisfactory
medical, accidents and absenteeism records exist in only 15.9% of the enterprises; safety supervision exists in 27.3, and
safety education exists in 91% of them, while no environmental monitoring is carried out in any enterprise. Sanitation facilities
exist in satisfactory numbers in most of the enterprises; however, their maintenance is poor in most of them, due to lack
of hygienic supervision. All enterprises dispose of their liquid wastes into the JIE sewerage system without any treatment,
while the solid wastes are collected by the city authorities in 56.8% of them; both wastes are anticipated to cause environmental
pollution problems. 相似文献
492.
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494.
Ali Nikonahad Ali Khorshidi Hamid Reza Ghaffari Hamideh Ebrahimi Aval Mohammad Miri Ali Amarloei Heshmatollah Nourmoradi Amir Mohammadi 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2017,24(16):14117-14123
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the environmental and metrological variables and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) transmission and its prediction in a region susceptible to this disease prevalence using a time series model. The accurate locations of 4437 CL diagnosed from 2011 to 2015 were obtained to be used in the time series model. Temperature, number of days with temperature over 30 °C, and number of earthquake were related to CL incidence using the Seasonal Auto-correlated Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model according to the Box-Jenkins method. In addition, the relationship between land use and surface soil type in 500- and 1000-m radius around the CL patients were investigated. The SARIMA models showed significant associations between environmental and meteorological variables and CL incidence adjusted for seasonality and auto-correlation. The result indicated that there are need more robust preventive programs in earthquake-prone areas with high temperature and inceptisol soil type than other areas. In addition, the region with these characteristics should be considered as high-risk areas for CL prevalence. 相似文献
495.
496.
Shadpour Mallakpour Farhang Tirgir Mohammad R. Sabzalian 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2010,18(4):685-695
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been accepted as ‘green’ alternatives to the organic solvents in a range of synthesis, catalysis
and electrochemistry, because of their distinctive chemical and physical properties. In this investigation, N,N′-(pyromellitoyl)-bis-l-tyrosine dimethyl ester as a chiral bioactive diphenolic monomer was prepared in three steps. The polycondensation of this
monomer with various aromatic and aliphatic diisocyanates such as 4,4′-methylene-bis-(4-phenylisocyanate) (6a), toluylene-2,4-diisocyanate (6b), isophorone diisocyanate (6c) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (6d) were carried out in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide as a molten IL under microwave irradiation conditions and
was compared with polymerization in traditional solvent like N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The results show that IL efficiently absorbs microwave energy, thus leading to a very high heating
rate. Thus IL method is safe and green since toxic and volatile organic solvents were eliminated. All of the novel poly(urethane-imides)
(PUIs) showed good solubility in various organic solvents. The obtained new polymers were characterized with FT-IR, 1H-NMR, elemental and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of two representative PUIs demonstrated
that they are rather thermally stable. In vitro toxicity studies showed that the synthetic materials are biologically active
and they are nontoxic to microbial growth then could be classified as bioactive and biodegradable compounds. 相似文献
497.
Land-use change in oases of arid zones play a significant role in the sustainable development and stability of oases. This paper presents a typical case of successful efforts to mitigate land-use change, its drivers and effects on the oasis eco-environment at Keriya Oasis in the western arid zone of China using remotely-sensed data, official statistics, and data collected by field investigation. Mathematical models were developed to quantify important elements related to land-use change, including net change and total change. The results indicate that: (1) approximately 17% of land-use types of Keriya Oasis changed between 1991 and 2002; (2) socioeconomic development, climate change, and economic polices contributed to land-use change in the oasis; (3) inappropriate human activities were the main cause of land-use change and eco-environmental degradation in the oasis; and (4) the stability of the oasis is threatened by land-use change and unexpected eco-environmental changes in the oasis and oasis–desert ecotone. The study suggests irrational human activity in arid zones, and that caution should be exercised to maintain stability and sustainable development of oases. 相似文献
498.
Robert A. Zielinski Mohammad S. Al-Hwaiti James R. Budahn James F. Ranville 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2011,33(2):149-165
Voluminous stockpiles of phosphogypsum (PG) generated during the wet process production of phosphoric acid are stored at many
sites around the world and pose problems for their safe storage, disposal, or utilization. A major concern is the elevated
concentration of long-lived 226Ra (half-life = 1,600 years) inherited from the processed phosphate rock. Knowledge of the abundance and mode-of-occurrence
of radium (Ra) in PG is critical for accurate prediction of Ra leachability and radon (Rn) emanation, and for prediction of
radiation-exposure pathways to workers and to the public. The mean (±SD) of 226Ra concentrations in ten samples of Jordan PG is 601 ± 98 Bq/kg, which falls near the midrange of values reported for PG samples
collected worldwide. Jordan PG generally shows no analytically significant enrichment (<10%) of 226Ra in the finer (<53 μm) grain size fraction. Phosphogypsum samples collected from two industrial sites with different sources
of phosphate rock feedstock show consistent differences in concentration of 226Ra and rare earth elements, and also consistent trends of enrichment in these elements with increasing age of PG. Water-insoluble
residues from Jordan PG constitute <10% of PG mass but contain 30–65% of the 226Ra. 226Ra correlates closely with Ba in the water-insoluble residues. Uniformly tiny (<10 μm) grains of barite (barium sulfate) observed
with scanning electron microscopy have crystal morphologies that indicate their formation during the wet process. Barite is
a well-documented and efficient scavenger of Ra from solution and is also very insoluble in water and mineral acids. Radium-bearing
barite in PG influences the environmental mobility of radium and the radiation-exposure pathways near PG stockpiles. 相似文献
499.
Hachaichi Amina Kouini Benalia Kian Lau Kia Asim Mohammad Jawaid Mohammad 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2021,29(6):1990-1999
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The aim of present study is to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from fruit bunch branches fibers of Algerian date palm trees (phoenix dactylifera... 相似文献
500.
Saddique Umar Muhammad Said Tariq Mohsin Zhang Hua Arif Mohammad Jadoon Ishtiaq A. K. Khattak Nimat Ullah 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(5):2177-2190
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) contaminations in the soil ecosystem are considered as extremely hazardous due to toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulative... 相似文献