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Zachary Whitman Joanne Stevenson Hlekiwe Kachali Erica Seville John Vargo Thomas Wilson 《Disasters》2014,38(1):148-177
This paper presents the preliminary findings of a study on the resilience and recovery of organisations following the Darfield earthquake in New Zealand on 4 September 2010. Sampling included organisations proximal and distal to the fault trace, organisations located within central business districts, and organisations from seven diverse industry sectors. The research captured information on the challenges to, the impacts on, and the reflections of the organisations in the first months of recovery. Organisations in central business districts and in the hospitality sector were most likely to close, while organisations that had perishable stock and livestock were more heavily reliant on critical services. Staff well‐being, cash flow, and customer loss were major concerns for organisations across all sectors. For all organisations, the most helpful factors in mitigating the effects of the earthquake were their relationship with staff members, the design and type of buildings, and critical service continuity or swift reinstatement of services. 相似文献
666.
Min ZHANG Jian LU Yiliang HE P Chris WILSON 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2016,10(2):229-235
Due to the low water solubility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, organic solvent is usually added into the oxidation system to enhance the removal efficiency. In this study the photocatalytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), a type of polybrominated diphenyl ether used throughout the world, in pure water without the addition of organic solvent was investigated. In the pure water system, BDE209 was not dissolved but dispersed as nano-scale particles with a mean diameter of 166 nm. Most of BDE209 (>98%) were removed within 4 h and the final debromination ratio was greater than 80%. Although the addition of organic solvent (tetrahydrofuran, THF) could lead to a relatively high BDE209 degradation rate, the final debromination ratio (<50%) was much lower than that in pure water system. Major oxidation intermediates of tetrahydrofuran, including tetrahydro-2-furanol and γ-butyrolactone, were detected indicating the engagement of THF in the BDE209 degradation process. The photocatalytic degradation of BDE209 in the pure water system followed first-order kinetics. The BDE209 degradation rate constant increased from 0.0011 to 0.0023 min−1 as the pH increased from 3 to 9. 相似文献
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Christine C. Nguyen Cody N. Hugie Molly L. Kile Tala Navab-Daneshmand 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(3):46
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An interdisciplinary strategy is outlined for characterizing the disposition of bioactive (toxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and/or carcinogenic) materials in coal‐derived hydrocarbon liquids during upgrading processing. Engineering input is required to select representative PDU and pilot‐scale samples and appropriate processing schemes and conditions for upgrading experiments to ensure reliable extrapolation of results to demonstration and commercial scale. Biology expertise is required to perform and interpret short‐term in vitro cellular assays and whole‐animal toxicity and carcinogenesis testing on raw and upgraded samples. Chemical separation and identification of active classes and components in the samples aid in interpreting bioactivity results and in quantifying effects of various upgrading processes and conditions. The end result will be a data base for reliably assessing and addressing potential occupational and environmental safety and health concerns associated with upgraded coal‐derived liquids. An example of the value of this interdisciplinary approach is given by work performed on generically representative raw and hydrotreated SRC‐II gas oil samples. Biological and chemical characterization indicates significant loss of bioactivity during hydrotreatment, with one postulated mechanism being removal of primary amine groups from multi‐ring aromatic compounds. 相似文献
669.
An experiment to investigate how the water quality of acid lakes can be improved by liming the surrounding catchment was begun at Loch Fleet, Scotland in 1984. the effects on the soils of three sectors of the catchment where limestone was added in 1986 are reported here, following analysis of soils sampled in 1987, 1988 and 1991. the effect of the lime on soil chemistry was still evident in 1991, with about 15% of free lime remaining in the hydrochemical reaction zone of sectors IV and VI and nearly 50% in sector VII. However, this free lime appeared to be dissolving too slowly to maintain large amounts of exchangeable calcium in the soils, indicating that the treatment is starting to become less effective. the fall in the mean exchangeable calcium in the reaction zone between 1988 and 1991 was mirrored by a drop in mean soil pH over the 5 years post-liming from 6.1 to 5.6 on sector IV and from 5.9 to 5.4 on sector VI, whereas mean pH remained constant at about 6.0 in the limed areas of sector VII. Using soil data to predict longevity suggests that the exchangeable calcium remaining on the catchment at the end of 1991 will maintain target water quality in the loch until sometime during 1994. the soil pH is likely to fall to between 5.2 and 5.3 by this time. If the region of hydrochemical reaction is assumed to extend to a depth of 20 cm rather than 5 cm, target water quality is predicted to be maintained until the end of 1995. When the free lime remaining on the catchment is included as a source of acid neutralising capacity, calculations show that treatment may remain effective until around the year 2000. 相似文献
670.
Alexander D. M. Wilson Stefan Krause Niels J. Dingemanse Jens Krause 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2013,67(1):163-173
In recent years, animal social interactions have received much attention in terms of personality research (e.g. aggressive or cooperative interactions). However, other components of social behaviour such as those describing the intensity, frequency, directedness and individual repeatability of interactions in animal groups have largely been neglected. Network analysis offers a valuable opportunity to characterize individual consistency of traits in labile social groups and therein provide novel insights to personality research in ways previously not possible using traditional techniques. Should individual network positions be consistently different between individuals under changing conditions, they might reflect expressions of an individual's personality. Here, we discuss a conceptual framework for using network analyses to infer the presence of individual differences and present a statistical test based on randomization techniques for testing the consistency of network positions in individuals. The statistical tools presented are useful because if particular individuals consistently occupy key positions in social networks, then this is also likely to have consequences for their fitness as well as for that of others in the population. These consequences may be particularly significant since individual network position has been shown to be important for the transmission of diseases, socially learnt information and genetic material between individuals and populations. 相似文献