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511.
In the UK for the period 1994-99, a broad range of environmental projects were given financial support through the European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund under the Objective 1 and Objective 5b programmes. This paper is concerned with the ex-post evaluation of these projects set within a Sustainable Development framework. The aim was to identify project types or characteristics that offered the greatest return on investment. A classification of six broad project types was adopted. The evaluation revealed that there were significant differences between individual projects with respect to the type and scale, and temporal and social distribution of the benefits they delivered. In particular, as well as delivering environmental and economic benefits, many projects made a significant contribution to the development of human and social capital. The paper concludes that it is possible to improve the basis for future project selection in order to maximise the returns on environmental investments in the context of sustainable development. 相似文献
512.
FUENSANTA CARAVACA DINO FIGUEROA ANTONIO ROLDÁn CONCEPCIÓN AZCÓN-AGUILAR 《Environmental management》2003,31(3):0412-0420
The reestablisment of autochthonous plant species is an essential strategy for recovering degraded areas under semiarid conditions.
A field experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effect of two reafforestation methods involving mycorrhizal inoculation
and compost addition on soil quality parameters and Rhamnus lycioides seedling growth. The nutrient content (NPK) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase
and β-glucosidase) increased and bulk density decreased in the rhizosphere soil with the organic amendment. Biomass C of rhizosphere
soil increased by at least 240% with respect to the control soil after mycorrhizal inoculation and the combination of compost
addition + mycorrhizal inoculation. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and composted organic residue addition increased R. lycioides seedling growth in the same proportion. In the short term, we conclude that the application of both reafforestation methods
not only enhances the establishment of R. lycioides seedlings, but also improves soil quality. 相似文献
513.
ERIC N. POWELL JOHN M. KLINCK EILEEN E. HOFMANN MARGARET A. McMANUS 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0100-0121
A hydrodynamic–oyster population model was developed to assess the effect of changes in freshwater inflow on oyster populations
in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. The population model includes the effects of environmental conditions, predators, and the oyster
parasite, Perkinsus marinus, on oyster populations. The hydrodynamic model includes the effects of wind stress, river runoff, tides, and oceanic exchange
on the circulation of the bay. Simulations were run for low, mean, and high freshwater inflow conditions under the present
(1993) hydrology and predicted hydrologies for 2024 and 2049 that include both changes in total freshwater inflow and diversions
of freshwater from one primary drainage basin to another.
Freshwater diversion to supply the Houston metropolitan area is predicted to negatively impact oyster production in Galveston
Bay. Fecundity and larval survivorship both decline. Mortality from Perkinsus marinus increases, but to a lesser extent. A larger negative impact in 2049 relative to 2024 originates from the larger drop in fecundity
under that hydrology. Changes in recruitment and mortality, resulting in lowered oyster abundance, occur because the bay volume
available for mixing freshwater input from the San Jacinto and Buffalo Bayou drainage basins that drain metropolitan Houston
is small in comparison to the volume of Trinity Bay that presently receives the bulk of the bay's freshwater inflow. A smaller
volume for mixing results in salinities that decline more rapidly and to a greater extent under conditions of high freshwater
discharge.
Thus, the decline in oyster abundance results from a disequilibrium between geography and salinity brought about by freshwater
diversion. Although the bay hydrology shifts, available hard substrate does not. The simulations stress the fact that it is
not just the well-appreciated reduction in freshwater inflow that can result in decreased oyster production. Changing the
location of freshwater inflow can also significantly impact the bay environment, even if the total amount of freshwater inflow
does not change. 相似文献
514.
Baxter E. Vieux Fekadu G. Moreda 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(4):757-769
ABSTRACT: A synthetic relationship is developed between nutrient concentrations and discharge rates at two river gauging sites in the Illinois River Basin. Analysis is performed on data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) on nutrients in 1990 through 1997 and 1999 and on discharge rates in 1988 through 1997 and 1999. The Illinois River Basin is in western Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma and is designated as an Oklahoma Scenic River. Consistently high nutrient concentrations in the river and receiving water bodies conflict with recreational water use, leading to intense stakeholder debate on how best to manage water quality. Results show that the majority of annual phosphorus (P) loading is transported by direct runoff, with high concentrations transported by high discharge rates and low concentrations by low discharge rates. A synthetic relationship is derived and used to generate daily phosphorus concentrations, laying the foundation for analysis of annual loading and evaluation of alternative management practices. Total nitrogen (N) concentration does not have as clear a relationship with discharge. Using a simple regression relationship, annual P loadings are estimated as having a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 39.8 t/yr and 31.9 t/yr and mean absolute percentage errors of 19 percent and 28 percent at Watts and Tahlequah, respectively. P is the limiting nutrient over the full range of discharges. Given that the majority of P is derived from Arkansas, management practices that control P would have the most benefit if applied on the Arkansas side of the border. 相似文献
515.
J. Y. Kim M.-C. Shin J.-R. Park K. Nam 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(1):0055-0062
The effect of the soil solids concentration in batch tests on the measured values of the partition coefficient (K
p) of organic pollutants in landfill liner-soil material was investigated. Since this study was based on the results of batch
and column tests conducted independently, there were limitations to the conclusions derived. The organic compounds tested
were benzene, methylene chloride, toluene, trichloroethylene, and p-xylene. The results of this study showed that as soil solids concentrations increased, the measured K
p values of these organic compounds strongly decreased. The observed values of K
p stabilized when the soil solids concentration was above a certain value. Typical K
p values obtained from batch tests conducted under high soil solids concentrations were close to those obtained from column
tests. It was concluded that the K
p values of organic compounds measured under low soil solids concentrations, i.e., less than 100 g/l, may not correctly simulate
the field situation. Consequently, the values of K
p obtained with low soil solids concentrations can result in an overestimation of the retardation factor of the landfill liner
material.
Received: March 14, 2002 / Accepted: August 25, 2002 相似文献
516.
Occurence and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ankara Precipitation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Urban atmospheric environment contains many trace organic pollutants that are related to the incomplete fuel combustion in domestic heating, industrial plants and automobile traffic. Removal of these pollutants from the atmosphere takes place through wet and dry deposition as well as chemical transformations. In this study, concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in wet deposition samples were determined at an urban site of Turkey. Wet and dry deposition samples were collected using Andersen Rain Sampler. The sampler was modified accordingly for the collection of organic pollutants. Collected samples were preconcentrated by using solid phase extraction (SPE) disks and consecutively analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the 13 compounds quantified in this study, anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were found more frequently and at elevated concentrations (202, 271 and 260 ng L-1 mean concentrations, respectively).Concentrations of PAHs were found to be high in winter period. 相似文献
517.
H. Ozaki K. Sharma C. Phanuwan K. Fukushi C. Polprasert 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2003,5(1):0031-0038
This paper deals with the present scenario of hazardous waste management practices in Thailand, and gives some insights into
future prospects. Industrialization in Thailand has systematically increased the generation of hazardous waste. The total
hazardous waste generated in 2001 was 1.65 million tons. It is estimated that over 300 million kg/year of hazardous waste
is generated from nonindustrial, community sources (e.g., batteries, fluorescent lamps, cleansing chemicals, pesticides).
No special facilities are available for handling these wastes. There are neither well-established systems for separation,
storage, collection, and transportation, nor the effective enforcement of regulations related to hazardous wastes management
generated from industrial or nonindustrial sectors. Therefore, because of a lack of treatment and disposal facilities, these
wastes find their way into municipal wastewaters, public landfills, nearby dump sites, or waterways, raising serious environmental
concern. Furthermore, Thailand does not have an integrated regulatory framework regarding the monitoring and management of
hazardous materials and wastes. In addition to the absence of a national definition of hazardous wastes, limited funding has
caused significant impediments to the effective management of hazardous waste. Thus, current waste management practices in
Thailand present significant potential hazards to humans and the environment. The challenging issues of hazardous waste management
in Thailand are not only related to a scarcity of financial resources (required for treatment and disposal facilities), but
also to the fact that there has been no development of appropriate technology following the principles of waste minimization
and sustainable development. A holistic approach to achieving effective hazardous waste management that integrates the efforts
of all sectors, government, private, and community, is needed for the betterment of human health and the environment.
Received: February 26, 2001 / Accepted: October 11, 2002 相似文献
518.
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