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351.
L. Tacconi P. F. Moore D. Kaimowitz 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(1):55-66
Fires have attracted interest and generated alarm since the early 1980s. This concern has been particularly evident in tropical
forests of Southeast Asia and the Amazon, but disastrous fires in recent summers in Australia, Europe, and the United States
have drawn worldwide attention.
Concern about forest fires, and related air pollution and biodiversity impacts, led international organisations and northern
countries – such as the Asian Development Bank, the European Union, the Food and Agriculture Organisation, the United Nations
Environment Programme, the World Bank, and the government of Germany – to undertake fire assessments and provide technical
assistance. Nongovernmental organisations, such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
and World Wide Fund for Nature, have also devoted increased attention to fires. Aiming at prevention of future fires, 40 fire
projects and missions costing well over US$30 million have worked in Indonesia over the last 20 years. Despite the money and
effort spent on them, fires continue to burn every year. It may appear to some that efforts to address the ‘fire problem’
have not been effective as fires still occur.
There remains a lack of clarity about ‘fire problems’, which has, at times, led to the adoption of policies that may have
negative impacts on livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Two ‘simple’ changes in the way fires are considered would
significantly improve fire-related policies and initiatives.
These two points are discussed in the context of Southeast Asia, and particularly Indonesia, as an example of the problems
and questions faced by tropical countries. We argue that efforts on fires so far have generated increased knowledge of the
’fire problem’; now, we need to capitalize on that knowledge to avoid wasting money in the future. 相似文献
• | Fires should be seen as a component of land management processes, rather than as a ‘problem’ to be prevented, suppressed, or mitigated. |
• | Not all fires are the same. |
352.
353.
Ali Najmeddin Behnam Keshavarzi Farid Moore Ahmadreza Lahijanzadeh 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(4):1187-1208
This study investigates the occurrence and spatial distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (Hg, Cd, Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, Al, Fe, Mn, V and Sb) in 67 road dust samples collected from urban industrial areas in Ahvaz megacity, southwest of Iran. Geochemical methods, multivariate statistics, geostatistics and health risk assessment model were adopted to study the spatial pollution pattern and to identify the priority pollutants, regions of concern and sources of the studied PTEs. Also, receptor positive matrix factorization model was employed to assess pollution sources. Compared to the local background, the median enrichment factor values revealed the following order: Sb > Pb > Hg > Zn > Cu > V > Fe > Mo > Cd > Mn > Cr ≈ Co ≈ Al ≈ Ni. Statistical results show that a significant difference exists between concentrations of Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Sb, V and Hg in different regions (univariate analysis, Kruskal–Wallis test p < 0.05), indicating the existence of highly contaminated spots. Integrated source identification coupled with positive matrix factorization model revealed that traffic-related emissions (43.5%) and steel industries (26.4%) were first two sources of PTEs in road dust, followed by natural sources (22.6%) and pipe and oil processing companies (7.5%). The arithmetic mean of pollution load index (PLI) values for high traffic sector (1.92) is greater than industrial (1.80) and residential areas (1.25). Also, the results show that ecological risk values for Hg and Pb in 41.8 and 9% of total dust samples are higher than 80, indicating their considerable or higher potential ecological risk. The health risk assessment model showed that ingestion of dust particles contributed more than 83% of the overall non-carcinogenic risk. For both residential and industrial scenarios, Hg and Pb had the highest risk values, whereas Mo has the lowest value. 相似文献
354.
Sharareh Dehghani Farid Moore Luba Vasiluk Beverley A. Hale 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(3):1155-1174
When the hazard quotient for ingestion (HQI) of a trace element in soil and dust particles is adjusted for the element’s bioaccessibility, the HQI is typically reduced as compared to its calculation using pseudo-total element concentration. However, those studies have mostly used bulk particles (<2 mm or <250 µm), and the reduction in HQI when expressed as bioaccessible metal may not be similar among particle size fractions, the possibility probed by the present study of street dusts and soils collected in Tehran. The highest Cu, Pb and Zn near-total concentrations occurred in the finest particles of dusts and soils. Bioaccessible concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in the particles (mg kg?1) were obtained using simple bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET). The bioaccessibility (%) did not vary much among near-total concentrations. In the bulk (<250 µm) sample, the bioaccessible concentration of Cu and Pb increased as the pH of sample increased, while Zn bioaccessibility (%) in the bulk particles was influenced by organic matter and cation exchange capacity. X-ray diffraction identified sulfide and sulfate minerals in all of the size-fractionated particles, which are insoluble to slightly soluble in acidic conditions and included most of the Cu and Pb in the samples. The only Zn-bearing mineral identified was hemimorphite, which would be highly soluble in the SBET conditions. The calculated HQI suggested potential non-carcinogenic health risk to children and adults from ingestions of soils and dusts regardless of particle size consideration, in the order of Zn > Pb ≥ Cu. The HQI calculated from near-total metal was not much different for particle size classes relative to bulk particles; however, the bioaccessibility percent-adjusted HQI for Pb was higher for the smaller particles than the bulk. This work is novel in its approach to compare HQI for a bulk sample of particles with its composite particle size fractions. 相似文献
355.
Wesley M. Knapp Anne Frances Reed Noss Robert F. C. Naczi Alan Weakley George D. Gann Bruce G. Baldwin James Miller Patrick McIntyre Brent D. Mishler Gerry Moore Richard G. Olmstead Anna Strong Kathryn Kennedy Bonnie Heidel Daniel Gluesenkamp 《Conservation biology》2021,35(1):360-368
Extinction rates are expected to increase during the Anthropocene. Current extinction rates of plants and many animals remain unknown. We quantified extinctions among the vascular flora of the continental United States and Canada since European settlement. We compiled data on apparently extinct species by querying plant conservation databases, searching the literature, and vetting the resulting list with botanical experts. Because taxonomic opinion varies widely, we developed an index of taxonomic uncertainty (ITU). The ITU ranges from A to F, with A indicating unanimous taxonomic recognition and F indicating taxonomic recognition by only a single author. The ITU allowed us to rigorously evaluate extinction rates. Our data suggest that 51 species and 14 infraspecific taxa, representing 33 families and 49 genera of vascular plants, have become extinct in our study area since European settlement. Seven of these taxa exist in cultivation but are extinct in the wild. Most extinctions occurred in the west, but this outcome may reflect the timing of botanical exploration relative to settlement. Sixty-four percent of extinct plants were single-site endemics, and many occurred outside recognized biodiversity hotspots. Given the paucity of plant surveys in many areas, particularly prior to European settlement, the actual extinction rate of vascular plants is undoubtedly much higher than indicated here. 相似文献