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41.
42.
In the present work the effect of Hg2+ and Cu2+ on the level of cytosolic Ca2+ in mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) haemolymph cells were investigated by confocal microscopy and spectrofluorimetry utilizing the fluorescent dye Fluo3. In the blood cells of marine molluscs, exposure to Cu2+ and Hg2+ in the nanomolar and micromolar range causes a time-and concentration-dependent increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ level. Both the presence of a low-calcium containing medium and pretreatment of the cells with the channel blocker Verapamil greatly reduced the effects of higher (50 M) Hg2+ concentrations, this indicating that Hg2+ enhances the influx of extracellular Ca2+ partly through activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Low concentrations of Hg2+ (1 M) and also of Cu2+ (0.5 M), an essential element, were able to induce a sustained increase in cytosolic Ca2+, which was not affected either by Verapamil pretreatment or by lowering the extracellular calcium concentration. These data indicate that in mussel haemocytes heavy metal cations impair Ca2+ homeostasis not only by affecting Ca2+ channels, but also by interfering with other mechanisms of calcium transport across cellular membranes, such as the Ca2+-ATPases. The resulting increase in cytosolic Ca2+ could activate Ca-dependent processes which may be involved in many of the biochemical and physiological alterations observed in the cells of metal-exposed mussels. Specimens used in these experiments were collected from the river Linker near Plymouth, U.K. in June 1991. 相似文献
43.
Graded recruitment in a ponerine ant 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Michael D. Breed Jennifer H. Fewell Allen J. Moore Kristina R. Williams 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1987,20(6):407-411
Summary (1) The giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata, exhibits graded recruitment responses, depending on the type, quantity, and quality of a food source. More ants are initially recruited to a large prey or scavenge item than to a large quantity of sugar water. (2) Individual ants encountering prey items gauge the size and/or unwieldiness of the item, regardless of the weight, when determining whether to recruit. (3) The trail pheromone of this species is often used as an orientation device by individual ants, independent of recruitment of nestmates. (4) It is proposed that the foraging behavior of P. clavata represents one of the evolutionary transitions from the independent foraging activities of the primitive ants to the highly coordinated cooperative foraging activities of many higher ants. 相似文献
44.
Experimentally injected anthracene (10 to 100 g mussel-1) has been shown to induce dose-dependent lysosomal destabilisation and release of hexosaminidase in the digestive cells of Mytilus edulis after 24 h. This destabilisation was accompanied by cytological evidence of cytolysis of the digestive cells. The destabilising effect of 100 g of injected anthracene persisted for 96 h with a return to the control condition by 168 h. These results are discussed in the context of environmental contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 相似文献
45.
A study using open-top chambers ventilated with ambient or charcoal-filtered air in the vicinity of Lahore, Pakistan, has demonstrated a reduction of 46.7% and 34.8% in the grain yield for two cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The 6-h daily mean O(3) concentrations were 25-45 nl litre(-1) and on the basis of experience in North America and Europe, reductions in yield in the present study are substantially greater than might be predicted. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, together with implications for the suitability of a simple, relatively cheap, open-top chamber system for developing-country studies on the effects of air pollution on crops. 相似文献
46.
Moore MT Rodgers JH Cooper CM Smith S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2000,110(3):393-399
Atrazine was amended into constructed wetlands (59-73x14x0.3 m) for the purpose of monitoring transport and fate of the pesticide to obtain information necessary to provide future design parameters for constructed wetlands mitigation of agricultural runoff. Following pesticide amendment, a simulated storm and runoff event equal to three volume additions was imposed on each wetland. Targeted atrazine concentrations were 0 microg/l (unamended control), 73 microg/l, and 147 microg/l. Water, sediment, and plant samples were collected weekly for 35 days from transects longitudinally distributed throughout each wetland and were analyzed for atrazine using gas chromatography. Between 17 and 42% of measured atrazine mass was within the first 30-36 m of wetlands. Atrazine was below detection limits (0.05 microg/kg) in all sediment and plant samples collected throughout the duration of this study. Aqueous half lives ranged from 16 to 48 days. According to these data, conservative buffer travel distances of 100-280 m would be necessary for effective runoff mitigation. 相似文献
47.
Kevin Lam Kelsie Thu Michelle Tsang Margo Moore Gerhard Gries 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2009,96(9):1127-1132
Female houseflies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), lay their eggs in ephemeral resources such as animal manure. Hatching larvae compete for essential nutrients
with fungi that also colonize such resources. Both the well-known antagonistic relationship between bacteria and fungi and
the consistent presence of the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca on housefly eggs led us to hypothesize (1) that K. oxytoca, and possibly other bacteria on housefly eggs, help curtail the growth of fungal resource competitors and (2) that such fungi
indeed adversely affect the development of housefly larvae. Bacteria washed from housefly eggs significantly reduced the growth
of fungi in chicken manure. Nineteen bacterial strains and ten fungal strains were isolated from housefly eggs or chicken
manure, respectively. Co-culturing each of all the possible bacterium–fungus pairs revealed that the bacteria as a group,
but no single bacterium, significantly suppressed the growth of all fungal strains tested. The bacteria's adverse effect on
fungi is due to resource nutrient depletion and/or the release of antifungal chemicals. Well-established fungi in resources
significantly reduced the number of larval offspring that completed development to adult flies.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
48.
D. R. Edwards P. A. Moore S. R. Workman E. L. Bushe 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(1):155-165
ABSTRACT: Land application of organic soil amendments can increase runoff concentrations of metals such as Fe and Zn, metalbids such as B and As, and non-metals such as P and S that have the potential for causing adverse environmental impacts. Aluminum sulfate, or alum (Al2(SO4)3*(14H2O), can reduce concentrations of some materials in runoff from sites treated with organic amendments. The objectives of this study were to (a) quantify concentrations of selected constituents (Al, As, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, Pb, 5, Se, Ti, and Zn) in runoff from plots treated with horse manure (mixed with stall bedding) and municipal sludge, (b) assess runoff quality effects of alum addition to those treatments, and (c) determine time variations in concentrations of the constituents. Horse manure and municipal sludge were applied to twelve 2.4 by 6.1 m fescue plots (six each for the manure and sludge). Alum was added to three of the manure-treated and three of the sludge-treated plots. Simulated rainfall (64 mm/h) was applied to the 12 treated plots and to three control (no treatment) plots. The first 0.5 h runoff was sampled and analyzed for the constituents described above. Addition of manure or sludge had no effect on runoff concentrations of the majority of constituents. In some cases (e.g., Al, As, Fe, Zn), however, concentrations were near or in excess of threshold values recommended for marine wildlife protection. Alum addition increased runoff of Al, Ca, K, and 5, due likely to its composition and by the addition of lime to counteract the acidity of alum. Concentration decreases of more than 50 percent were noted for P for the horse manure treatment. No alum effect was detected for P in runoff from the sludge-treated plots, possibly due to relatively stable P forms in the sludge. Runoff concentrations of Al, As, Fe, K, Mn, and P followed an approximately first-order decline with respect to time. Runoff concentrations of Ca and 5, however, peaked during the second runoff sample (four minutes following initiation of runoff), suggesting that differences in mobility and/or transport mechanisms exist among the materials investigated. 相似文献
49.
50.
Susan Moore 《环境质量管理》2000,9(4):63-67
The Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI), one of the world's leaders in business‐oriented EH&S innovation, reflects on its first decade and scopes out goals for the new millennium. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献