Application of permanganate in the oxidation of micropollutants: a mini review

As a green oxidant, permanganate has received considerable attention for the removal of micropollutants in drinking water treatment. To provide a better understanding of the oxidation of organic micropollutants with permanganate, the oxidation kinetics of 32 micropollutants were compiled. The pollutants include algal toxins, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and pharmaceuticals. The oxidation kinetics of micropollutants by permanganate were found to be first order with respect to both contaminant and permanganate concentrations from which second-order rate constants (k″) were obtained. Permanganate oxidized the heterocyclic aromatics with vinyl moiety (i.e., microcystins, carbamazepine, and dichlorvos) by the addition of double bonds. For the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with alkyl groups, permanganate attacked the benzylic C-H through abstraction of hydrogen. The mechanism for the oxidation of phenolic EDCs by permanganate was a single electron transfer and aromatic ring cleavage. The presence of background matrices could enhance the oxidation of some phenolic EDCs by permanganate, including phenol, chlorinated phenols, bisphenol A, and trichlosan. The toxicity of dichlorvos solution increased after permanganate oxidation, and the estrogenic activity of bisphnol A/estrone increased significantly at the beginning of permanganate oxidation. Therefore, the toxicity of degradation products or intermediates should be determined in the permanganate oxidation processes to better evaluate the applicability of permanganate. The influence of background ions on the permanganate oxidation process is far from clear and should be elucidated in the future studies to better predict the performance of permanganate oxidation of micropollutants. Moreover, methods should be employed to catalyze the permanganate oxidation process to achieve better removal of micropollutants.     

市政污泥焚烧过程中重金属迁移转化行为研究进展

焚烧已成为市政污泥处置或资源化利用的重要手段.焚烧过程会改变市政污泥中重金属的化合态和价态,从而影响其迁移转化行为.目前,国内外已对市政污泥焚烧过程中重金属的迁移转化行为开展了大量研究.梳理和归纳了市政污泥特性以及焚烧炉炉型、焚烧温度、停留时间、反应气氛和添加物等工况对重金属迁移转化行为影响的研究进展,并提出了未来仍需...     

气候变化对澜沧江-湄公河上中游径流的影响研究

将区域气候模式RegCM3与水循环模拟模型WACM进行单向耦合,对澜沧江-湄公河流域未来气候变化和流域上中游主要控制水文站径流响应进行了模拟和分析。区域气候预估表明,相对于现状(1980—2009年),A1B情景下未来(2010—2039年)流域年平均温度和降水均有增加趋势,分别增加了0.65 ℃和1.87%,但降水增加不明显;流域北部温度增幅比南部明显,而降水区域差异较大,变化较为复杂。径流模拟结果表明,未来气候变化情景下,清盛和琅勃拉邦站多年平均径流量与天然情景相比均有减少趋势,分别减少了1.23%和3.69%,但变化不明显;未来径流年际变化呈不显著的减少趋势,而温度变化对径流影响作用要强于降水;未来春季和夏季(3—6月)径流增减相对明显,局部区域有洪涝和水文干旱的风险,而其它月份径流变化不显著。     

常温低氨氮SBR亚硝化启动策略研究

分析了不同接种污泥下,不同启动策略以及不同水质下SBR反应器亚硝化的启动.研究发现,控制低溶解氧(DO为0.30mg/L)条件,接种具有一定亚硝化效果的污泥,能在短时间内实现亚硝化的启动;而接种全程硝化污泥在29d(58个周期)的培养中都未出现亚硝酸盐的积累.而通过高、低溶解氧交替培养的模式,接种全程硝化污泥的反应器也能在27d(54个周期)内达到60%以上的亚硝化率.接种全程硝化污泥,控制低溶解氧(DO为0.30mg/L),用不同C/N的水质驯化污泥.其中使用C/N为0.40~0.93的A/O生物除磷工艺二级出水作为进水的反应器在32个周期的培养中出水未出现亚硝酸盐的积累;而使用C/N比在3.50~5.34范围内的小区化粪池水能实现亚硝化的快速启动.     

冬小麦种植面积空间抽样单元尺寸优化设计

抽样单元尺寸是空间抽样调查方案设计过程中的关键要素。合理的抽样单元尺寸对降低抽样调查费用、改善抽样外推总体精度具有重要意义。为实现农作物种植面积空间抽样调查中抽样单元尺寸的优化设计,论文以河南省为研究区,以冬小麦种植面积为研究对象,选取正方形网格作为抽样单元,遵循传统抽样理论中抽样单元间相互独立原则,通过分析不同抽样单元尺寸与对应该尺寸下的抽样框内总体单元间全局空间自相关指数(Moran’s I)的相关关系,进行了抽样单元尺寸的初选。为最终实现抽样单元尺寸优选,基于初选的8种抽样单元尺寸,分别构建抽样框,采用以抽样单元内冬小麦面积占单元面积比例(麦土比)为分层标志的分层抽样方法进行了研究区冬小麦种植面积空间抽样样本抽选、总体外推及误差估计试验研究,结果表明:抽样比随抽样单元尺寸的增大而增大;8种抽样单元尺寸下的外推总体相对误差和变异系数均较小,变化范围分别为3.82%~5.75%和3.76％~4.69％;以抽样调查费用和抽样误差为抽样效率评价指标,优选出抽样单元尺寸为20 000 m×20 000 m时,进行研究区冬小麦种植面积抽样调查的效率最高。     

常温ANAMMOX工艺运行性能及功能菌研究

通过改变进水基质浓度,对以火山岩为填料的常温上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池在不同基质浓度下的脱氮性能进行了研究.借助显微镜、电镜(SEM)观察对滤池内的微生物形态进行了分析,利用变性凝胶电泳(DGGE)和克隆测序等微生物方法,对ANAMMOX种属进行了鉴定.试验结果表明,常温条件下,厌氧氨氧化滤池在高、低不同基质下都能够保持较高的脱氮效果,其中TN去除负荷最高能够达到2.99kgN/(m3×d),NH4+-N和NO2--N最高去除率分别能够达到99.4%和98.8%;显微镜、电镜观察显示:滤池下部的微生物种类更丰富,ANAMMOX菌在滤池的中部和上部的比例更高;16SrRNA克隆测序鉴定结果表明:滤池中的ANAMMOX菌为Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis,其对温度和基质浓度都有着较宽的适应性.     

Trophic and reproductive biochemistry of a deep-sea gelatinous octopus, Opisthoteuthis calypso

The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of the biochemical composition (proximate composition, amino acids and fatty acids in gonad, digestive gland and muscle) of the cirrate octopod, Opisthoteuthis calypso, collected off the coast of Portugal. Protein and energy contents of O. calypso were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those observed for coastal octopods, suggesting that the gelatinous musculature of the cirrate octopus may not be a direct consequence of food limitation, but rather associated with reduced selective pressure for strong swimming ability in the deep sea. Moreover, principal component analyses of fatty acid (FA) data clearly separated coastal octopods from O. calypso. Saturated FA biomarkers (namely 16:0, 17:0, 18:0) and monounsaturated FA 22:1 suggest a higher phytodetrital influence on diet of O. calypso. A clear separation between groups was also observed with amino acid (AA) data. However, essential AA and non-essential AA designations (based on the flow of carbon through biochemical systems) do not necessarily provide an accurate picture of the origins of amino nitrogen in the deep-sea environment. Consequently, the interpretation of the present data is a challenging task but opens a new window of opportunity to unravel new trophic biomarkers in the deep sea.     

热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质对污泥残渣特性的影响

研究了热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质对热解残渣特性的影响,着重分析了不同热解工艺参数和污泥理化性质下,污泥热解残渣的吸附性能与内部孔结构.研究表明,当热解终温Tend在300℃—550℃之间,污泥热解残渣的碘值在450℃时最大,亚甲基蓝值在500℃时最小.热解残渣的碘值随着RT的延长先增大,当停留时间RT=75 min时达到最大值;亚甲基蓝值的最小值随着RT的延长逐渐往低温区移动.污泥热解残渣的碘值随着升温速率β的增大而减小,无论Tend的高低,亚甲基蓝值的最小值都出现在β=3℃.min-1.污泥热解残渣的比表面积随着颗粒粒径d的增大迅速减小,但d对残渣吸附性能的影响却不大.当含水率M=10%—40%,热解残渣的吸附性能基本不受M的影响;继续提高含水率,热解残渣的碘值迅速减小,而亚甲基蓝值却随M的增大而增大.Tend为450℃、RT为75 min和β为3℃.min-1是较佳的污泥热解工艺参数.     

难降解有机污染物与葡萄糖的光电催化协同氧化作用

利用薄层反应器研究了典型的难降解有机污染物——三环癸胺在二氧化钛纳米管阵列电极表面的光电催化降解性能,重点考察了三环癸胺与葡萄糖的光电催化协同氧化作用.研究表明,三环癸胺作为一种化学性质稳定的化合物,在薄层反应器中难以在二氧化钛纳米管阵列电极光电催化中实现完全降解.在三环癸胺COD浓度50—400 mg.L-1条件下,其降解效率均低于30%,且随着三环癸胺浓度的增加降解效率下降.三环癸胺与葡萄糖之间存在着明显的光电催化协同氧化作用,且随着葡萄糖浓度的增加协同作用增强,当葡萄糖与三环癸胺浓度比值大于2时,可以实现三环癸胺的完全降解.在光电催化协同氧化过程中,三环癸胺与葡萄糖的降解并非同步进行,易降解的多羟基葡萄糖所产生的大量羟自由基,可能促进了三环癸胺或三环癸胺中间产物的氧化.该研究也为难降解的有机物的光电催化处理提出了一条新的途径.