SWAT模型在国内外非点源污染研究中的应用进展

模型模拟是定量估算非点源污染负荷的有效工具,也是对其进行规划、控制和管理的前提.近年来SWAT模型在国内外得到了快速的发展和应用,是目前全球评价大范围和环境变化条件下非点源污染问题的一个有效工具.简介SWAT模型的发展历程及原理,概述了SWAT模型目前在国内外的水文评价、污染物流失模拟、输人参数、土地利用及气候变化对水文响应的影响等方面的研究现状,并对SWAT模型的发展方向提出了建议,为模型的进一步完善与应用提供参考.结果显示,SWAT模型对水文评价(如径流量、泥沙量)可得到较好的模拟和预测结果,能够模拟污染物(如农药和化肥)在农田和河网中的迁移过程,模拟与分析土地利用/覆被变化及气候变化对水文过程的影响.模型参数的确定及其对地下水流与溶质运移的模拟是模型的主要问题,需要进一步研究与完善.     

Multi-metric evaluation of the models WARM,CropSyst, and WOFOST for rice

WARM (Water Accounting Rice Model) simulates paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.), based on temperature-driven development and radiation-driven crop growth. It also simulates: biomass partitioning, floodwater effect on temperature, spikelet sterility, floodwater and chemicals management, and soil hydrology. Biomass estimates from WARM were evaluated and compared with the ones from two generic crop models (CropSyst, WOFOST). The test-area was the Po Valley (Italy). Data collected at six sites from 1989 to 2004 from rice crops grown under flooded and non-limiting conditions were split into a calibration (to estimate some model parameters) and a validation set. For model evaluation, a fuzzy-logic based multiple-metrics indicator (MQI) was used: 0 (best) ≤ MQI ≤ 1 (worst). WARM estimates compared well with the actual data (mean MQI = 0.037 against 0.167 and 0.173 with CropSyst and WOFOST, respectively). On an average, the three models performed similarly for individual validation metrics such as modelling efficiency (EF > 0.90) and correlation coefficient (R > 0.98). WARM performed best in a weighed measure of the Akaike Information Criterion: (worst) 0<wk<1$0<w_k<1$ (best), considering estimation accuracy and number of parameters required to achieve it (mean wk=0.983$w_k=0.983$ against 0.007 and ∼0.000 with CropSyst and WOFOST, respectively). WARM results were sensitive to 30% of the model parameters (ratio being lower with both CropSyst, <10%, and WOFOST, <20%), but appeared the easiest model to use because of the lowest number of crop parameters required (10 against 15 and 34 with CropSyst and WOFOST, respectively). This study provides a concrete example of the possibilities offered using a range of assessment metrics to evaluate model estimates, predictive capabilities, and complexity.     

Epidemiological risk assessment using linked network and grid based modelling: Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae in the UK

We developed a stochastic simulation model incorporating most processes likely to be important in the spread of Phytophthora ramorum and similar diseases across the British landscape (covering Rhododendron ponticum in woodland and nurseries, and Vaccinium myrtillus in heathland). The simulation allows for movements of diseased plants within a realistically modelled trade network and long-distance natural dispersal. A series of simulation experiments were run with the model, representing an experiment varying the epidemic pressure and linkage between natural vegetation and horticultural trade, with or without disease spread in commercial trade, and with or without inspections-with-eradication, to give a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial started at 10 arbitrary locations spread across England. Fifty replicate simulations were made at each set of parameter values. Individual epidemics varied dramatically in size due to stochastic effects throughout the model. Across a range of epidemic pressures, the size of the epidemic was 5–13 times larger when commercial movement of plants was included. A key unknown factor in the system is the area of susceptible habitat outside the nursery system. Inspections, with a probability of detection and efficiency of infected-plant removal of 80% and made at 90-day intervals, reduced the size of epidemics by about 60% across the three sectors with a density of 1% susceptible plants in broadleaf woodland and heathland. Reducing this density to 0.1% largely isolated the trade network, so that inspections reduced the final epidemic size by over 90%, and most epidemics ended without escape into nature. Even in this case, however, major wild epidemics developed in a few percent of cases. Provided the number of new introductions remains low, the current inspection policy will control most epidemics. However, as the rate of introduction increases, it can overwhelm any reasonable inspection regime, largely due to spread prior to detection.     

The effects of different methods of catalyst preparation on the hydro-electric plasma TiO2-catalyzed degradation of 2,4-dinitrophenol

Hydro-electric plasma technology in the presence of TiO₂ catalyst used to treat 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) simulated wastewater is reported. The catalytic activity of TiO₂ prepared by ammonia precipitation was greater than the activity of the TiO₂ prepared by NaOH precipitation. The presence of chloride ions during the preparation process of TiO₂ had a large negative effect on the catalytic activity. The catalytic activity of TiO₂ calcined at 673 K was significantly higher than the activity of the TiO₂ that was calcined at higher and lower temperatures. After being calcined at 673 K, TiO₂ was mainly in the anatase phase and degraded 81% of the 2,4-DNP after 10 min of treatment.     

对新疆当前电磁辐射环境管理的认识

随着现代科学技术的进步和发展,在电磁辐射的运用范围越来越广的同时其污染水平也在不断增高,人类生存的环境也在不断受到电磁辐射的影响,加强电磁辐射环境管理已势在必行。通信系统电磁辐射应是新疆当前电磁辐射环境管理的重点。     

制革污泥中铬的生物脱除及其对污泥的调理作用

构建了一个以70L生物淋滤反应器为主体的制革污泥生物除铬的工艺.实际运行结果表明,采用特异的硫杆菌TS6,反应6d,制革污泥中Cr溶出率可达到87 4%.随后进行的污泥沉降与离心脱水试验表明,生物淋滤具有显著的污泥调理功效,显著提高污泥沉降与机械脱水性能.生物淋滤处理的污泥,经12h的静置沉降,污泥体积可减少57 2%,并且无需添加任何絮凝剂,即可取得良好的机械脱水效果.生物淋滤处理导致的污泥体系pH的下降与Fe3 浓度的上升可能是污泥沉降与脱水性能得以改善的主要原因.     

微生物群落对氨胁迫响应的宏基因组学研究

为探析厌氧消化微生物群落对氨胁迫的响应,在串联批次实验中引入氨氮(TAN)胁迫,结合宏基因组学分析,研究了不同TAN浓度下,厌氧消化系统的过程参数、群落结构/组成及其功能基因/代谢途径的响应.结果显示,TAN为3000mg/L时,系统性能逐步优化;TAN为6000mg/L时,甲烷产率逐步下降,并伴随着丙酸、丁酸积累.从...     

Portlandite wet-synthesis process from phosphogypsum waste using hydroxide medium: application in both CO2 capture and brine water salinity reduction

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) preparation from phosphogypsum waste (PGW) was evaluated in numerous works; however, the use of this compound is not applied...     

Changes in organic matter composition during composting of two digested sewage sludges

Changes in the chemical and chemical-structural composition of the organic matter of two different sewage sludges (aerobic and anaerobic) mixed with sawdust (1:1 and 1:3, v/v) during composting were determined by monitoring chemical and microbiological parameters as well as by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Composting was carried out in periodically turned outdoor piles, which were sampled for analysis 1, 30, 60 and 90 days after the beginning of the composting process. Both volatile organic matter and the water soluble C fraction decreased during composting, indicating that the more labile C fractions are mineralized during the process. Microbial activity as measured by microbial respiration (CO(2) evolved from compost samples during incubation) also decreased with composting, reflecting the more stable character of the resulting compost. No major differences were observed between the four composts studied as regards their chemical-structural characteristics. The acetonitrile, acetic acid and phenol pyrolytic fragment tended to increase with composting. Although the final composts were more aromatic in nature than the starting materials, a low degree of humification was observed in all four composts studied, as determined by their high proportion of polysaccharides and alkyl compounds. For this reason, the relationship between pyrolytic fragments, such as benzene/toluene or benzene+toluene/pyrrol+phenols, which are used as indices of humification for soil organic matter, are not of use for such poorly evolved sludge composts; instead, ratios that involve carbohydrate derivatives and aromatic compounds, such as furfural+acetic/benzene+toluene or acetic/toluene, are more sensitive indices for reflecting the transformations of these materials during composting. Both the chemical and microbiological parameters and pyrolytic analysis provided valuable information concerning the nature of the compost's organic matter and its changes during the composting process.     

Removal of Cr from tannery sludge by bioleaching method

Bioleaching of Cr（Ⅲ） from tannery sludge using the mixture of ingenuous iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was investigated in batch flasks. Experiments involved the adaptation of indigenous iron-and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the pre-acidification the sludge to pH 6.0 and the addition of energy substrates. Results showed the inoculation of mixture of ingenuous iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and co-addition of Fe^2 and elemental sulfur accelerated acid production and increase of oxidation-reduction potential originating from the bio-oxidation of Fe2^＋ and elemental sulfur. Dissolved Cr concentration increased concomitant with pH decreased in the sludge and reached its maximum removal of 95.6%. The amelioration of the odor of bioleached sludge could be noted. However, 20.4%o of N, 24.5% of P and 14.3% of organic matter were lost in the bioleaching process. The residual Cr content in the leached tannery sludge was acceptable for use in agriculture. This study had shown the feasibility of applying the bioleaching process, developed for sewage sludge, to tannery sludge with high Cr.