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141.
Charles C. Morris Paul M. Stewart Thomas P. Simon 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2007,43(2):295-307
Abstract: This study evaluated biological integrity expectations of fish assemblages in wadeable streams for the Alabama portion of the Choctawhatchee River watershed using a multimetric approach. Thirty‐four randomly selected stream sites were sampled in late spring 2001 to calibrate an index of biotic integrity (IBI). Validation data were collected during the spring 2001, and summer and fall of 2003 from disturbed and least‐impacted targeted sites (n = 20). Thirty‐five candidate metrics were evaluated for their responsiveness to environmental degradation. Twelve metrics were selected to evaluate wadeable streams and four replacement metrics were selected for headwater streams. Scores that ranged from 58 to 60 were considered to be representative of excellent biotic integrity (none found in this study), scores of 48‐52 as good integrity (31% of the sites in this study), 40‐44 as fair (43%), 28‐34 as poor (21%), and 12‐22 as very poor (5%). Of the four stream condition categories (urban, cattle, row crop, and least impacted), the IBI scores for urban and cattle sites differed significantly from least‐impacted sites. Row crop sites, although not significantly different from least‐impacted, tended to have greater variability than the other categories. Lower IBI scores at both urban and cattle sites suggest that the IBI accurately reflects stream impairment in the Choctawhatchee River drainage. 相似文献
142.
Dick Morris Sue Oreszczyn Christine Blackmore Raymond Ison Stephen Martin 《Local Environment》2006,11(6):683-699
Defining and putting into practice sustainable land use is a complex, systemic problem. Systems models and techniques were used in a study of Herefordshire to clarify the situation and identify the potential for a more locally focused, learning-based approach to land use. Issues included: (i) uncertainty about the boundary of a 'system of sustainable Herefordshire land use'; (ii) the complexity of economic flows in the county and the absence of some critical data; (iii) the importance of the Herefordshire landscape to tourism and the role of agriculture as a determinant of the state of that landscape; (iv) weakness of the institutional linkage between tourism and agriculture; (v) the current lack of inclusion of many relevant stakeholders in concerted action. Factors favouring a learning approach included a strong local identity, local food-related developments, and educational initiatives. Barriers to such an approach included questions of power and landholding, government policies, and attitudes and skills within organizations. These findings are considered in relation to the wider debate over approaches to sustainability. 相似文献
143.
Products of photosynthesis by marine phytoplankton: the effect of environmental factors on the relative rates of protein synthesis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A method is presented by which the gross pattern of photosynthetic carbon-dioxide fixation in marine phytoplankton can be determined. It depends on differential solvent extraction yielding an ethanol-soluble, a hot TCA-soluble (polysaccharide) and a residue (protein) fraction. Using this fractionation technique, the effects of various environmental factors on the pattern of photosynthesis by the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin) have been investigated. Low light intensities and increasing degrees of nitrogen limitation in a chemostat increase markedly the relative rates of protein synthesis. Growth of the alga at lower temperatures also increases the proportion of carbon incorporated into the protein fraction. This increased protein syntheses is generally at the expense of the polysaccharide fraction. Preliminary experiments have established the suitability of this fractionation method for natural populations of phytoplankton and have shown similar effects of light intensity on the relative rates of protein synthesis. 相似文献
144.
W. James Morris Neil W. Morgan Bi-Huei Wang J. Paul Riley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(1):63-76
The solution with the aid of the hybrid computer of the partial and total differential equations for an integrated surface water groundwater system is described. A versatile computing technique has been developed to make a rapid and accurate study of the groundwater response due to varying inputs (deep percolation) or outputs (evapotranspiration) from the groundwater system. Spatial variations in basic vegetation phenomena, such as pattern, and hydrological parameters, are represented by means of a grid network which also allows the input of variable boundary conditions. The model is applied to an area in Columbia, South America which is subject to high water-table conditions. Various reclamation schemes and management practices under conditions of irrigated agriculture are assessed. 相似文献
145.
Milani Chaloupka Thierry M. Work George H. Balazs Shawn K. K. Murakawa Robert Morris 《Marine Biology》2008,154(5):887-898
We investigated cause-specific temporal and spatial trends in sea turtle strandings in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Five species
of sea turtle were recorded in 3,861 strandings over a 22-year period (1982–2003). Green turtles comprised 97% of these strandings
with size and gender composition reflecting the demographic structure of the resident green turtle population and relative
green turtle abundance in Hawaiian waters. The cause of strandings was determined by necropsy based on a complete gross external
and internal examination. Totally 75% of the 3,732 green turtle strandings were from Oahu where strandings occur year-round.
The most common known cause of the green turtle strandings was the tumour-forming disease, fibropapillomatosis (28%) followed
by hook-and-line fishing gear-induced trauma (7%), gillnet fishing gear-induced trauma (5%), boat strike (2.5%), and shark
attack (2.7%). Miscellaneous causes comprised 5.4% of strandings whereas 49% of green turtle strandings could not be attributed
to any known cause. Green turtle strandings attributable to boat strike were more likely from Kauai and Oahu while fibropapilloma
strandings were more likely from Oahu and Maui. Hook-and-line gear strandings were more likely from Oahu due to higher per
capita inshore fishing effort. The specific mortality rate (conditional probability) for fibropapillomatosis was 88%, 69%
for gillnet gear and 52% for hook-and-line gear. The probability of a dead green turtle stranding increased from 1982 but
levelled off by the mid-1990s. The declining mortality risk was because the prevalence and severity of fibropapillomatosis
has decreased recently and so has the mortality risk attributable to gillnet gear. Despite exposure to disease and inshore
fishing gears, the Hawaiian green turtle stock continues to recover following protection since the late 1970s. Nevertheless,
measures to reduce incidental capture of sea turtles in coastal Hawaiian fisheries would be prudent, especially since strandings
attributable to hook-and-line fishing gear have increased steadily since 1982. 相似文献
146.
When can culturally diverse teams be more creative? The role of leaders' benevolent paternalism
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The current research examines the conditions under which cross‐cultural teams can realize their creative potential—a consequence of their cultural diversity. We propose that in more culturally diverse teams, team members are less open when communicating with each other, which impairs the team's ability to elaborate on the information contributed by different members, ultimately limiting team creativity. We further theorize that leaders' benevolent paternalism, a leadership style that is particularly prevalent in East Asian contexts, can reduce the negative consequence of intercultural diversity on intercultural communication openness. On the basis of multiwave, multisource data from 48 culturally diverse teams in China, we found that perceived intercultural diversity is negatively related to intercultural communication openness, which, in turn, is positively related to information elaboration, and ultimately, team creativity. Leader benevolent paternalism attenuates the negative relationship between intercultural diversity and intercultural communication openness. These findings enrich the literature on intercultural diversity by calling attention to communication‐related obstacles. 相似文献
147.
Single-pass electrofishing was used to define the most efficient sampling distance to assess stream condition using the index of biotic integrity (IBI) methodology in headwater (<36 km2 drainage area), warmwater streams in the Eastern Corn Belt Plain ecoregion. Based on wetted widths (1–3.3 m) of sampled reaches, we defined effort based on increased area (range 50–555 m2). Sampled area necessary to capture a representative fish assemblage increased until 167-m2 distance, which is equivalent to a minimum sampling distance of one habitat cycle. No significant difference in metric actual observed value response was found with increasing habitat cycle. Increased effort is required in smaller streams widths (≤1 m) to achieve the recommended sample area. The effect of rare fish on the IBI was tested using a modified Walford method. A significant decrease in IBI score was observed when 10 % of the rare data were removed. The presence of rare fish did not influence individual IBI metrics or scores for either the increased effort or reduced effort calibrations until greater than 3 % of the data was removed for number of species, 15 % removal of data for number of minnow species, and 5 % removal of data for catch per unit effort (CPUE). Increased effort did not affect any metric or IBI score, while reduced effort influenced the number of darter, madtom, and sculpin species and catch per unit effort metric scores but did not affect IBI score. 相似文献
148.
Jeremy W.F. Morris Marion Crest Morton A. Barlaz Kurt A. Spokas Anna Åkerman Lei Yuan 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(12):2364-2373
Municipal solid waste landfills represent the dominant option for waste disposal in many parts of the world. While some countries have greatly reduced their reliance on landfills, there remain thousands of landfills that require aftercare. The development of cost-effective strategies for landfill aftercare is in society’s interest to protect human health and the environment and to prevent the emergence of landfills with exhausted aftercare funding. The Evaluation of Post-Closure Care (EPCC) methodology is a performance-based approach in which landfill performance is assessed in four modules including leachate, gas, groundwater, and final cover. In the methodology, the objective is to evaluate landfill performance to determine when aftercare monitoring and maintenance can be reduced or possibly eliminated. This study presents an improved gas module for the methodology. While the original version of the module focused narrowly on regulatory requirements for control of methane migration, the improved gas module also considers best available control technology for landfill gas in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, air quality, and emissions of odoriferous compounds. The improved module emphasizes the reduction or elimination of fugitive methane by considering the methane oxidation capacity of the cover system. The module also allows for the installation of biologically active covers or other features designed to enhance methane oxidation. A methane emissions model, CALMIM, was used to assist with an assessment of the methane oxidation capacity of landfill covers. 相似文献
149.
150.
Peter Miehle Michael Battaglia Peter J. Sands David I. Forrester Paul M. Feikema Stephen J. Livesley Jim D. Morris Stefan K. Arndt 《Ecological modelling》2009
In forest management and ecological research, consideration of the impacts and risks of climate change or management optimisation is complex. Computer models have long been applied as tools for these tasks. Process-based forest growth models claim to overcome the limitations of empirical statistical models, but the capacity of different process-based models and modelling approaches have rarely been compared directly. This study evaluates stepwise multiple regression models in comparison to four process-based modelling approaches (3-PG, 3-PG+, CABALA and Forest-DNDC) for greenfield predictions of Eucalyptus globulus plantation growth from 2 to 8 years after planting throughout southern Australia. 相似文献