株洲市大气降尘中元素特征及来源分析

为研究湖南省株洲市大气降尘中多种元素的分布特征以及来源,于2012年1~12月对株洲市12个点的大气降尘样品进行采集并对其中28种元素的含量进行分析.结果表明,株洲市城区各采样点大气降尘年沉降量为23.14~114.67 g·m~(-2),其中工业区和商住混合区年均值分别为89.46 g·m~(-2)和33.20 g·m~(-2),低于其它工业城市;工业区和商住混合区降尘中分别有10种元素(Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe、Zn、Pb)和8种元素(Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、Fe、Zn)含量大于1 000 mg·kg~(-1),其中工业区2种重金属元素(Zn、Pb)含量超过10 000 mg·kg~(-1),远高于地壳中的含量.株洲市大气降尘主要来源为金属冶炼、地表扬尘、汽车尾气、建筑粉尘和与Mo、Ba元素相关的工业生产.相关性分析、主因子分析和迁移特征分析表明降尘中Mn、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Ag、Cd、Sn、Sb、Tl、Pb等13种元素主要来自株洲市工业区废气排放,其中Cu、Zn、As、Ag、Cd、Se和Pb等7种元素污染严重,工业区重金属元素含量是土壤背景值中含量的7.4~4 079.4倍,商住混合区是土壤背景值的3.6~1 413.4倍,背景比值最高的为Cd元素.工业区的污染程度明显高于商住混合区.     

灭螺植物资源的开发利用研究

利用我国灭螺植物资源的优势 ,对32种药用植物[1]进行了灭螺实验 ,并从中筛选出5种对水陆两栖型钉螺(Oncomelaniahupensis)毒杀作用强烈、资源丰富、对环境污染较小的植物。研制了植物颗粒剂和植物粉剂两种灭螺剂型用于灭螺实验。实验结果表明 :植物颗粒灭螺剂对钉螺有强烈的毒杀作用 ,钉螺取食颗粒剂后24h死亡率分别达84 8%～100 % ,其毒杀效果明显优于相同植物的其它灭螺方法 ,对钉螺致死时间比1×10-3g/l氯硝柳胺化学灭螺剂提前12～24h。与其他植物灭螺方法比较 ,具有应用广泛、简便实用的特点 ,为利用植物资源进行灭螺提供了一种新的方法。     

环境行政指导若干问题探析

环境行政指导是在市场经济体制下一项必要而且行之有效的环境行政管理手段，在分析环境行政指导的概念和法律特征的基础上，认为我国环境行政指导的兴起源于在社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善过程中加强我国环境行政管理的需要，针对环境行政指导的法定性问题，提出通过实体和程序两个方面规范环境行政指导，将环境行政指导逐步纳入依法行政的行政法治轨道。     

腐殖酸负载羟基磷灰石对废水中Cd2+吸附性能的影响

以硝酸钙、磷酸氢二铵和腐殖酸为原料,制备了腐殖酸负载羟基磷灰石(HA/HAP)复合吸附剂.同时,利用SEM、BET、FT-IR、XRD对复合吸附剂结构和形貌进行表征,研究了HA/HAP对废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附工艺.结果表明,腐殖酸使羟基磷灰石孔容和孔径增大、比表面积减小,从而提高了羟基磷灰石的吸附性能.在pH=6、吸附剂投加量为800 mg、接触时间为180 min时吸附率最佳,为98.3%.HA/HAP对废水中Cd~(2+)的吸附是自发的、吸热的、可持续的化学吸附,反应前120 min适合采用准一级动力学伴随着内扩散模型描述,后120 min适合采用准二级动力学伴随着内扩散模型描述,Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温线模型拟合的吸附数据在不同温度下效果最好(R~20.98),吸附量分别为259.15、266.05和264.66 mg·g~(-1).研究表明,静电吸附到腐殖酸活性位点后Cd~(2+)主要以络合反应被吸附到羟基磷灰石的表面和两个羟基中间.     

Computer simulations of terrestrial carbon and atmospheric interactions

Terrestrial carbon modelling shows that the Goudriaan and Ketner and Esser simulations fit historical data well, but the results are sensitive to the decomposition rate coefficient of old sediment carbon. Modification of this rate constant over time, weighted by emission increases or linear increases, changes the model results to fit historic ice core data. Very old sediment carbon decomposition has an effect on the model postdictions only when the rate constant is 10 times greater than that predicted from sediment studies. Future estimates show that a maximum change from agriculture to forest has a small effect on abating emission increases. Controlling emission rates at 5.1 x 10(15) g C/a will result in almost a 50% increase in atmospheric CO(2) in 200 years, and reducing emission rates to 1960 levels (approximately 2.5 x 10(15) g C/a) immediately will still result in an increase in atmospheric CO(2).     

甲醛诱导哮喘的一种分子机理：对GSNO还原酶的上调作用

为了研究气态甲醛对GSNO还原酶(GSNOR)的上调作用是否通过GSH途径,以昆明雄性小鼠为实验材料,采用动态吸入染毒方式,检测了0、3.0mg·m-3甲醛暴露小鼠以及3.0mg·m-3甲醛暴露同时腹腔注射α-硫辛酸小鼠的肺泡灌洗液中GSH浓度和GSNOR活力.结果表明,3.0mg·m-3甲醛暴露小鼠与对照组小鼠相比,其肺泡灌洗液中GSNOR活力极显著上升(p<0.01),同时GSH浓度极显著下降(p<0.01);α-硫辛酸注射组小鼠肺泡灌洗液中GSNOR活力较3.0mg·m-3甲醛暴露小鼠有极显著下降(p<0.01),同时GSH浓度极显著上升(p<0.01).甲醛暴露下,GSNOR与GSH呈相反的变化趋势.以上结果表明,气态甲醛可以通过GSH途径调节GSNOR表达.甲醛对GSNOR的上调作用可能是通过诱导氧化胁迫进行的,这可能是理解GSNOR在气道中调控的基础.     

Garden sharing and garden stealing in fungus-growing ants

 Fungi cultivated by fungus-growing ants (Attini: Formicidae) are passed on between generations by transfer from maternal to offspring nest (vertical transmission within ant species). However, recent phylogenetic analyses revealed that cultivars are occasionally also transferred between attine species. The reasons for such lateral cultivar transfers are unknown. To investigate whether garden loss may induce ants to obtain a replacement cultivar from a neighboring colony (lateral cultivar transfer), pairs of queenright colonies of two Cyphomyrmex species were set up in two conjoined chambers; the garden of one colony was then removed to simulate the total crop loss that occurs naturally when pathogens devastate gardens. Garden-deprived colonies regained cultivars through one of three mechanisms: joining of a neighboring colony and cooperation in a common garden; stealing of a neighbor's garden; or aggressive usurpation of a neighbor's garden. Because pathogens frequently devastate attine gardens under natural conditions, garden joining, stealing and usurpation emerge as critical behavioral adaptations to survive garden catastrophes. Received: 16 June 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 14 September 2000     

Incomplete oxidation of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in chemical oxygen demand analysis.

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was found to incompletely oxidize in chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis, leading to incorrect COD values for water samples containing relatively large amounts of EDTA. The degree of oxidation depended on the oxidant used, its concentration, and the length of digestion. The COD concentrations measured using COD vials with a potassium dichromate concentration of 0.10 N (after dilution by sample and sulfuric acid) were near theoretical oxygen demand values. However, COD measured with dichromate concentrations of 0.010 N and 0.0022 N were 30 to 40% lower than theoretical oxygen demand values. Similarly, lower COD values were observed with manganic sulfate as oxidant at 0.011 N. Extended digestion yielded somewhat higher COD values, suggesting incomplete and slower oxidation of EDTA, as a result of lower oxidant concentrations. For wastewater in which EDTA is a large fraction of COD, accurate COD measurement may not be achieved with methods using dichromate concentrations less than 0.1 N.     

高锰酸钾去除水中甲硫醚的效能及动力学研究

通过烧杯试验研究水处理常用氧化剂KMnO_4氧化水中甲硫醚的效能,探讨了KMnO_4投加量、甲硫醚初始质量浓度、p H值及腐殖酸质量浓度对氧化反应的影响,并对反应动力学及氧化产物进行了分析。结果表明:不同剂量的KMnO_4氧化甲硫醚反应在t=10 min内已基本完成,去除率达99%;随KMnO_4投加量增加,去除率和反应速率增加;KMnO_4过量条件下甲硫醚初始质量浓度对反应速率和去除率无影响;p H值对反应速率常数影响较显著,当p H=6.85时,反应速率常数达到最大;0~30 mg/L的腐殖酸对甲硫醚去除率基本无影响,但对反应速率有一定的抑制作用。腐殖酸质量浓度在0~15 mg/L变化时,反应速率常数基本不变;腐殖酸质量浓度从15 mg/L增大到20mg/L时,反应速率常数迅速变小,反应进程变慢;而当腐殖酸质量浓度大于等于20 mg/L时,反应速率常数又基本不变。KMnO_4氧化甲硫醚的反应符合二级反应动力学模型,二级反应的动力学常数k=0.647 L/(min·mg)。通过GC/MS对反应产物分析发现,KMnO_4可将甲硫醚氧化为二甲基亚砜。因此,KMnO_4是一种高效、快速的去除水中甲硫醚的氧化剂。