中水回用工艺应用实例分析

本文通过对厦门东纶织造有限公司污水及中水回用处理系统工艺的研究，证明整个系统方案可行、技术先进可靠、设计合理；建成后实现了污水资源化，节约用水，降低了单位产品的成本，有效地减少了排污总量。     

Cu循环催化羟胺与氧气反应降解甲基橙

为研究Cu/O₂/HA(HA为盐酸羟胺)体系的氧化能力,以MO(甲基橙)为目标物,对该体系生成·OH(羟基自由基)的过程及机理进行了探讨,并分别考察了HA投加量(以c计)、pH、Cu(Ⅱ)投加量(以c计)和O₂通量对MO降解的影响. 结果表明:Cu能够有效催化HA与O₂的反应,生成大量H₂O₂,并进一步生成·OH,有效降解MO. HA投加量越高,MO降解率越高,但过高的HA投加量在初始阶段会对MO的降解形成抑制,最佳HA投加量为3 mmol/L;受到HA质子化的影响,反应的最适pH约为5.5;由于Cu(OH)₂不利于催化HA与O₂的反应,最佳Cu(Ⅱ)投加量为20 μmol/L;O₂通量对MO的降解影响较小,最佳O₂通量为0.15 L/min;Cu/O₂/HA体系降解MO的初始阶段符合一级动力学模型. 研究显示,Cu/O₂/HA体系具有良好的氧化能力,能够有效降解水中的MO,最佳反应条件下MO降解率达86.5%.      

薄液膜下铝合金与不锈钢电偶腐蚀研究

目的研究与不锈钢偶接时铝合金的腐蚀行为与机理。方法依据ASTM G149标准制备电偶试样,在循环盐雾箱中模拟薄液膜下2024铝合金与316L不锈钢之间的电偶腐蚀过程,分别在腐蚀6,12,18,24,30 d后取出试样,进行质量损失分析、截面与点蚀坑形貌分析、以及电化学阻抗谱测试。结果偶接之后2024铝合金的质量损失量是非偶接条件下的将近10倍。偶接后2024铝合金在腐蚀6 d后就形成了约20μm厚的腐蚀产物层,且随着腐蚀时间的增加,腐蚀产物层越来越致密,越来越厚。偶接后点蚀坑则主要在横向扩展,在纵深方向扩展较小。结论电偶作用不仅加速了铝合金的腐蚀,还改变了其腐蚀过程,而且这种作用在腐蚀的初期不明显,在腐蚀后期较为显著。     

碳源种类对同步脱氮除磷颗粒污泥除磷性能的影响

以厌氧/好氧交替运行培养的具有脱氮除磷功能的颗粒污泥为对象,研究不同碳源条件下对除磷特性的影响。研究结果显示,醋酸钠为单一碳源培养的颗粒污泥呈淡黄色,粒径分布较均匀,主要为双球菌和短杆菌,磷平均去除率为84.77%,厌氧末端释磷量平均为89.76 mg/L,最大释磷和吸磷速率分别为106.33mg/(g·h)和50.92 mg/(g·h);乙酸钠葡萄糖为复合碳源培养的颗粒污泥呈白色和淡黄色,粒径分布不均匀,主要为单球菌,磷平均去除率为93.06%,厌氧末端释磷量平均为75.52 mg/L,最大释磷和吸磷速率分别为92.84 mg/(g·h)和28.23 mg/(g·h),两种碳源条件下表现出良好的除磷能力。     

提高平菇深层培养木质素降解酶活性和对直接湖蓝5B脱色率的探索性研究

以稻草为主要营养基质对平菇进行深层培养,研究了不同浓度(100、200、400、600、800 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B对平菇菌丝体产量的影响,以及平菇对不同浓度(100、150、200、250、300、400 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B的脱色率.此外,还研究了平菇分别与3种酵母菌(酿酒酵母、产朊假丝酵母和热带假丝酵母)混菌培养及用不同浓度(50、100、200、300、400 mg·L-1)直接湖蓝5B预适应培养的平菇菌种对木质素降解酶活性和直接湖蓝5B脱色率的影响.结果表明:100~400 mg·L-1的直接湖蓝5B均可显著提高了平菇菌丝体产量,而800 mg·L-1的染料对菌丝体的生长有显著抑制作用;染料浓度越高,平菇对其的脱色率越低,发酵时间越长,脱色效果越好.与平菇单菌发酵相比,平菇分别与酿酒酵母和产朊假丝酵母混菌培养可显著提高发酵体系漆酶的活性,平菇分别与所试3种酵母菌混菌培养时锰过氧化物酶活性均有显著增加,与产朊假丝酵母混菌培养时两种酶活性的增加量最大;用50、100、200 mg·L-1直接湖蓝5B预适应培养的菌种接种可显著提高平菇分泌的漆酶的活性,而50mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1的则显著提高锰过氧化物酶的活性.平菇分别与所试3种酵母混菌培养,以及用50 mg·L-1和100 mg·L-1直接湖蓝5B预培养的平菇菌种接种,发酵体系对直接湖蓝5B的脱色效果有显著促进作用,其中,平菇与产朊假丝酵母混菌培养时脱色率最高,达96.3%.通过比较直接湖蓝5B脱色率与漆酶、锰过氧化物酶活性之间的关系可以看出,漆酶、锰过氧化物酶活性与脱色率间基本呈正相关关系.     

粉煤灰合成沸石对Cr~(3+)的去除能力及影响因素研究

研究了粉煤灰合成沸石对废水中Cr~(3+)的去除能力,分析了接触时间、pH、沸石投加量、Cr~(3+)初始浓度、温度等因素对Cr~(3+)过程吸附的影响.试验结果表明,合成沸石的主要成分为一种无名沸石.合成沸石对Cr~(3+)具有较快的吸附速度,吸附过程符合二级反应动力学.在pH 2.0~12.0范围内,合成沸石对Cr~(3+)都具有较高的去除效率.Cr~(3+)去除率随着沸石投加量的增加而增加,随着Cr~(3+)初始浓度的升高而降低.Langmuir等温线模型对吸附数据具有更好的非线性拟合效果,所得最大吸附量为111.7 mg·g-1.热力学研究表明吸附过程为吸热反应.与原沸石相比,利用Na Cl再生后的沸石的Cr~(3+)去除率下降11.42%~14.10%,但仍可循环利用.上述实验结果表明本文合成的沸石具有较好的除Cr~(3+)的应用潜力.     

Emissions of PCDD and PCDF from combustion of forest fuels and sugarcane: a comparison between field measurements and simulations in a laboratory burn facility

Release of PCDD and PCDF from biomass combustion such as forest and agricultural crop fires has been nominated as an important source for these chemicals despite minimal characterisation. Available emission factors that have been experimentally determined in laboratory and field experiments vary by several orders of magnitude from <0.5 μg TEQ (t fuel consumed)⁻¹ to >100 μg TEQ (t fuel consumed)⁻¹. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of experimental methods on the emission factor.A portable field sampler was used to measure PCDD/PCDF emissions from forest fires and the same fuel when burnt over a brick hearth to eliminate potential soil effects. A laboratory burn facility was used to sample emissions from the same fuels. There was very good agreement in emission factors to air (EF_Air) for forest fuel (Duke Forest, NC) of 0.52 (range: 0.40-0.79), 0.59 (range: 0.18-1.2) and 0.75 (range: 0.27-1.2) μg TEQ_WHO2005 (t fuel consumed)⁻¹ for the in-field, over a brick hearth, and burn facility experiments, respectively. Similarly, experiments with sugarcane showed very good agreement with EF_Air of 1.1 (range: 0.40-2.2), 1.5 (range: 0.84-2.2) and 1.7 (range: 0.34-4.4) μg TEQ (t fuel consumed)⁻¹ for in-field, over a brick hearth, open field and burn facility experiments respectively. Field sampling and laboratory simulations were in good agreement, and no significant changes in emissions of PCDD/PCDF could be attributed to fuel storage and transport to laboratory test facilities.     

Removal of PFOS, PFOA and other perfluoroalkyl acids at water reclamation plants in South East Queensland Australia

This paper examines the fate of perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs) and carboxylic acids (PFCAs) in two water reclamation plants in Australia. Both facilities take treated water directly from WWTPs and treat it further to produce high quality recycled water. The first plant utilizes adsorption and filtration methods alongside ozonation, whilst the second uses membrane processes and advanced oxidation to produce purified recycled water. At both facilities perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were the most frequently detected PFCs. Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in influent (WWTP effluent) ranged up to 3.7 and 16 ng L⁻¹ respectively, and were reduced to 0.7 and 12 ng L⁻¹ in the finished water of the ozonation plant. Throughout this facility, concentrations of most of the detected perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) remained relatively unchanged with each successive treatment step. PFOS was an exception to this, with some removal following coagulation and dissolved air flotation/sand filtration (DAFF). At the second plant, influent concentrations of PFOS and PFOA ranged up to 39 and 29 ng L⁻¹. All PFCs present were removed from the finished water by reverse osmosis (RO) to concentrations below detection and reporting limits (0.4-1.5 ng L⁻¹). At both plants the observed concentrations were in the low parts per trillion range, well below provisional health based drinking water guidelines suggested for PFOS and PFOA.     

基于C5.0决策树算法的元胞自动机土地利用变化模拟模型

C5.0决策树算法可以揭示数据中的结构化信息,建立直观、易于理解的树形结构,可以用于元胞自动机转换规则的获取。提出了基于C5.0决策树算法的元胞自动机模型,分析了模型构建的理论和原理以及实现方法。在此基础上,以杭州市城市用地演变为例,利用C5.0决策树算法从已有的城市用地及其影响因子数据中挖掘出城市用地的演变规则,并将获得的转换规则应用到元胞自动机模型中进行城市用地演变的动态模拟与预测。结果表明：（1）利用C5.0决策树算法获取转换规则可以在较低采样率的前提下保证具有较高的精度;（2）与其它获取元胞自动机转换规则的方法相比,C5.0决策树算法生成的规则清晰明确,很适合用来获取元胞转换规则;（3）基于C5.0决策树算法的元胞自动机模型在模拟城市用地演变方面具有较高的模拟精度,模拟结果可靠.