白洋淀水体富营养化和沉积物污染时空变化特征

雄安新区成立以后,在白洋淀流域实施了一系列污染综合整治措施.为评估白洋淀污染状况并识别主要污染来源,本文在淀内采集了30个水体样品和29个沉积物样品,分析了水体中的COD、TP、TN、NH~+_4-N和Chla这5项指标和沉积物中TN、TP和重金属(Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、As和Cr),结合历史监测数据分析了白洋淀污染时空分布特征及其影响因子.结果表明, 2019年白洋淀淀内水体整体处于富营养化状态, 30个采样点中"轻度富营养化"点位8个,"中度富营养化"16个,"重度富营养化"6个,与1991～2017年相比,淀区北部地区多数点位的营养程度明显下降,污染整治措施基本上遏制了水体污染加重趋势.沉积物营养盐污染依然严重,TN含量在1 483.7～14 234.1 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为5 054.9 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数高达46.5%,TP含量在360.3～1 964.4 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为925.4 mg·kg~(-1),变异系数为25.7%.重金属地累积指数计算表明沉积物中I_(geo)平均值均小于1,属于清洁或轻度污染,主要污染物为Cd、Zn和Cu.重金属生态风险除部分点位(L3、L21、L28和L29)处于重度和严重生态风险等级外,淀区整体处于中等风险水平.整体上,白洋淀水体污染区域正在从北部向南部转移,主要影响因素从外源污染向淀中村和沉积物污染引起的内源污染转变.     

Ontogenetic habitat shift,population growth,and burrowing behavior of the Indo-Pacific beach star, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Archaster typicus</Emphasis> (Echinodermata; Asteroidea)

Archaster typicus, a common sea star in Indo-Pacific regions, has been a target for the ornamental trade, even though little is known about its population biology. Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and size structure of A. typicus were studied in the Davao Gulf, the Philippines (125°42.7′E, 7°0.6′N), from February 2008 to December 2009. Specimens of A. typicus were associated with intertidal mangrove prop roots, seagrass meadows, sandy beaches, and shoals. Among prop roots, specimens were significantly smaller and had highest densities (131 ind. m⁻²) between November and March. High organic matter in sediment and a relatively low predation rate seemed to support juvenile life among mangroves. Size and density analyses provided evidence that individuals gradually move to seagrass, sandy habitats, and shoals as they age. Specimens were significantly larger at a shoal (maximum radius R = 81 mm). New recruits were found between August and November in both 2008 and 2009. Timing of recruitment and population size frequencies confirmed a seasonal reproductive cycle. Juveniles had relatively high growth rates (2–7 mm month⁻¹) and may reach an R of 20–25 mm after 1 year. Growth rates of larger specimens (R > 30 mm) were generally <2 mm month⁻¹. The activity pattern of A. typicus was related to the tidal phase and not to time of day: Specimens moved over the sediment surface during low tides and were burrowed during high tides possibly avoiding predation. This is one of the first studies to document an ontogenetic habitat shift for sea stars and provides new biological information as a basis for management of harvested A. typicus populations.     

脯氨酸掺杂g-C3N4纳米片的制备及其对RhB的降解

通过简单的水热及煅烧方法制备了脯氨酸掺杂的g-C₃N₄纳米片,借助FTIR、XRD、SEM、BET、XPS、UV-vis DRS、PL、电化学工作站等手段对所制备的光催化剂进行结构、形貌、组成及光电性能表征分析.结果表明,脯氨酸的加入可以自主剥离前驱体,制成纳米片状的g-C₃N₄,增加催化剂的比表面积.此外脯氨酸的引入可以调节催化剂的能带结构,增加可见光吸收,提高光生载流子分离率.在模拟可见光照射下,考察其对罗丹明B (RhB)的光催化降解性能获得了最优掺杂条件.1%脯氨酸掺杂(PCN-1%)的催化剂经过60min可见光照射即可降解99%以上的污染物.降解速率得到显著提升,PCN-1%对RhB的降解速度(0.0271min^-1)达到传统体相氮化碳(BCN)降解速率(0.0027min^-1)的10.04倍,显著提高了g-C₃N₄的光催化能力.     

Comparative toxicity assessment of in situ burn residues to initial and dispersed heavy fuel oil using zebrafish embryos as test organisms

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In situ burning (ISB) is discussed to be one of the most suitable response strategies to combat oil spills in extreme conditions. After burning, a...     

长江三角洲北翼兴化-通州地区第四纪地层划分及古环境分析

选取长江三角洲北翼兴化-通州地区(分属东台和南通第四纪地层小区)的5个实测钻孔,以岩石地层、年代地层和磁性地层为基础,应用层序地层学理论与方法,对研究区第四纪地层进行初步划分,共划分出下更新统(Qp1)、中更新统(Qp2)、上更新统(Qp3)和全新统(Qh)4个地层单元。讨论了区内第四纪以来岩相古地理演化特征及古河道变迁的过程。研究区内北部东台地层小区第四纪以来以陆相河湖沉积为主;南部南通地层小区第四纪早期以陆相河湖沉积为主,中晚期为海陆交互沉积。第四纪以来古河道在海安以南区域摆动,至晚更新世晚期南移接近现长江位置。     

区域排污权初始分配模型应用研究——以湖北省为例

针对目前湖北省水污染物排污权初始分配呈真空的现状,综合考虑环境现状、经济发展、社会公平和科技水平等众多影响因素,并细化成累计授权专利数、地区生产总值、人口总数和水资源量等指标,通过信息熵法确定各指标权重,以湖北省各市州为分配对象构建了区域排污权初始分配模型.并以2009年湖北省各市州公布的公报数据为基准进行了分配模型的应用.分配结果显示了分配模型具备较为全面的特点,且通过指标权重区分了各因素差异程度,为政府决策提供了参考.     

Biomechanics of Pediatric Cervical Spine: Compression,Flexion and Extension Responses

The objective of the present study was to develop three separate age-specific one, three, and six year old pediatric human cervical spine (C4-CS-C6) three-dimensional nonlinear finite element models and to quantify the biomechanical responses. The adult model was modified to create one, three, and six year old pediatric spines by incorporating the local geometrical and material characteristics of the developmental anatomy. The adult human cervical spine model was constructed from close-up computed tomography sections and sequential anatomic cryomicrotome sections, and validated with experimental data. The biomechanical responses were compared with the adult human cervical spine behavior under different loading modes using three approaches. Approach 1: using pure overall structural scaling (reduce size) of the adult model. Approach 2: using three separate age-specific pediatric models incorporating local component geometrical and material property changes. Approach 3: applying the overall structural scaling to the above three pediatric models. All pediatric structures were consistently more flexible than the adult spine under all loading modes. However, responses obtained using the pure overall structural scaling (Approach 1) increased the flexibilities slightly. In contrast, the inclusion of local component geometrical and material property changes to create the three individual pediatric cervical spine models (Approach 2) produced significantly higher changes in the flexibilities under all loading modes. When overall structural scaling effects were added to the three pediatric models (Approach 3), the increase was not considerably higher. White the one year old pediatric model was the most flexible followed by the three and six year old models in flexion and extension, the three year old pediatric model was the most flexible under compression followed by the six and one year old models. The differing biomechanical responses among different pediatric groups were ascribed to the individual developmental anatomical features. The present findings of significant increase in biomechanical response due to local geometry and material property changes emphasize the need to consider the developmental anatomical features in the pediatric structures to better predict their biomechanical behavior.     

Managing Excessive Methanogenesis During ERD/ISCR Remedial Action

Excessive production of methane has been observed at some remediation sites following the addition of organic hydrogen donors such as (emulsified) oils/lecithin, sugars, and conventional carbon + zero‐valent iron (ZVI) amendments. This is due to the fact that methanogens are commonly the most ubiquitous indigenous microbes in anoxic aquifer settings, and, under enriched environmental conditions, methanogens replicate every one to two hours (whereas Dehalococcoides spp., e.g., double in 24–48 hr). Hence, methanogens often bloom and dominate the microbial ecosystem following the addition of remedial amendments, thereby liberating large amounts of methane gas. There are at least three important consequences of this response:

1. By utilizing hydrogen, the methanogens compete with dechlorinating microbes, thus making inefficient use of the remedial amendment (just 20 ppm methane in groundwater represents an approximate 30 percent “waste” of added fermentable substrate (i.e., hydrogen donor)—this is a common and tangible detriment);
2. Methanogens can methylate heavy metals and their rapid growth consumes alkalinity, while generating acidity, thereby facilitating multiple potential mechanisms for creating secondary contaminant issues (i.e., arsenic plumes); and
3. Elevated methane concentrations can exceed current and pending regulations of <10 to <28 ppm methane in groundwater and/or 0.5 percent by volume methane in soil gas (e.g., 10 percent of the lower explosive limit) and/or indoor air (methane is flammable between 5 percent and 15 percent by volume) and this will induce migration of contaminant vapors potentially causing indoor air issues.

Considering the recent guidelines for indoor air published by the US Environmental Protection Agency, it is increasingly important to prevent excessive methanogenesis associated with remedial actions. From a regulatory perspective, public safety issues are paramount; from a property re‐use or real estate (brownfield) developers’ perspective, project delays are costly and can jeopardize an entire program. The use of antimethanogenic compounds as inhibitors of protein biosynthesis and the activity of enzyme systems unique to Archaea (i.e., methanogens) during in situ remedial action can improve contaminant removal while offering safer, more efficacious treatment, simply by impeding the methanogenic bacteria's ability to proliferate and out compete desired bacterial communities (e.g., Dehalococcoides spp.). ©2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

气态甲醛暴露对神经生长因子表达影响的体内实验

为了探讨气态甲醛对小鼠组织中NGF表达的诱导作用,以小鼠肺和脑作为实验材料,应用RT-PCR方法检测甲醛染毒后小鼠肺和脑中NGF-mRNA的表达量.结果显示,小鼠脑中NGF表达量随着染毒时间的增加而增加;而肺中NGF在甲醛染毒1d后就达到最大,但随着时间的增加NGF表达量反而下降;故NGF在小鼠这2种组织中呈现不同的表达效应.为了进一步研究甲醛、NGF和哮喘之间的联系,构建了大鼠的哮喘模型,应用RT-PCR方法检测哮喘模型鼠肺中NGF的表达趋势.结果显示,在大鼠哮喘模型中,低浓度甲醛组(1.0mg·m-3)NGF表达量显著上调(p<0.01),而高浓度甲醛组(3.0mg·m-3)NGF表达量反而下降,仅略高于空白对照组(p>0.05).     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌B212的培养条件研究

对高效絮凝剂产生菌B212进行了培养基成分和培养条件的正交实验研究。实验表明,菌B212产絮凝剂的培养基成分配比(ρ)最佳方案为A4B2C1:蔗糖25g/L、尿素0.5g/L、NaCl 0.5g/L、FeSO4 0.01g/L;最佳培养条件为:培养基初始pH值5、培养温度25℃、转速160r/min。在上述最适培养条件下,培养42h产生的絮凝剂对高岭土悬液的絮凝率可达到92.5%。