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321.
Daanish Mustafa Giovanna Gioli Manzoor Memon Meher Noshirwani Iffat Idris Nadeem Ahmed 《Disasters》2019,43(2):311-335
This paper reflects critically on the results of a vulnerability assessment process at the household and community scale using a quantitative vulnerabilities and capacities index. It validates a methodology for a social vulnerability assessment at the local scale in 62 villages across four agro‐ecological/livelihood zones in Sindh Province, Pakistan. The study finds that the move from vulnerability narratives to numbers improves the comparability and communicational strength of the concept. The depth and nuance of vulnerability, however, can be realised only by a return to narrative. Caution is needed, therefore: the index can be used in conjunction with qualitative assessments, but not instead of them. More substantively, the results show that vulnerability is more a function of historico‐political economic factors and cultural ethos than any biophysical changes wrought by climate. The emerging gendered vulnerability picture revealed extremes of poverty and a lack of capacity to cope with contemporary environmental and social stresses. 相似文献
322.
Shahabuddin Memon Oguz Oguz Aydan Yilmaz Mustafa Tabakci Mustafa Yilmaz Şeref Ertul 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2001,9(2):97-101
Two new copolymers containing pendant calix[4]arene units with nitrile functionalities at their lower rim have been synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reactions involving 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(cyanomethoxy)-26,28-dihydroxy-calix[4]arene (3) or 25,27-bis(cyanometh oxy)-26,28-dihydroxy-calix[4]arene (4) with 1,5-dibromopentane and bisphenol-A. The phase transfer studies were performed by using liquid–liquid extraction procedures. It has been deduced from the observations that both copolymers show a good phase transfer affinity toward selected alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal cations, unlike their precursor (3). 相似文献
323.
Mahrosh Hafiza Salaha Mustafa Ghulam 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2021,23(11):16674-16687
Environment, Development and Sustainability - The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was firstly reported from Wuhan city of China and found as a highly contagious, transmittable and... 相似文献
324.
Silvia Espín Jovan Andevski Guy Duke Igor Eulaers Pilar Gmez-Ramírez Gunnar Thor Hallgrimsson Bjrn Helander Dorte Herzke Veerle L. B. Jaspers Oliver Krone Rui Loureno Pedro María-Mojica Emma Martínez-Lpez Rafael Mateo Paola Movalli Pablo Snchez-Virosta Richard F. Shore Christian Sonne Nico W. van den Brink Bert van Hattum Al Vrezec Chris Wernham Antonio J. García-Fernndez 《Ambio》2021,50(1):95
Birds of prey, owls and falcons are widely used as sentinel species in raptor biomonitoring programmes. A major current challenge is to facilitate large-scale biomonitoring by coordinating contaminant monitoring activities and by building capacity across countries. This requires sharing, dissemination and adoption of best practices addressed by the Networking Programme Research and Monitoring for and with Raptors in Europe (EURAPMON) and now being advanced by the ongoing international COST Action European Raptor Biomonitoring Facility. The present perspective introduces a schematic sampling protocol for contaminant monitoring in raptors. We provide guidance on sample collection with a view to increasing sampling capacity across countries, ensuring appropriate quality of samples and facilitating harmonization of procedures to maximize the reliability, comparability and interoperability of data. The here presented protocol can be used by professionals and volunteers as a standard guide to ensure harmonised sampling methods for contaminant monitoring in raptors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01341-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
325.
Md. Ekramul Karim Sohana Al Sanjee Shohel Mahmud Modhusudon Shaha Md. Moniruzzaman Keshob Chandra Das 《Chemistry and Ecology》2020,36(1):83-99
ABSTRACTMicroplastics are emerging environmental pollutants that have gained tremendous scientific interest in recent years. These micropollutants are omnipresent both in the terrestrial and aquatic environments posing a deleterious threat to the ecosystem and biodiversity. So, it is important to develop a deep understanding of the environmental fate and potential adverse impacts of microplastics on the aquatic and terrestrial environments. By critically reviewing the previously published scientific literature, the present synthesis briefly outlines the characteristics, occurrence and potential toxic effects of microplastics on terrestrial and aquatic biota. The article also focuses on some innovative approaches for sustainable remediation of macroplastics as well as microplastics. Since the concept of microplastics pollution has yet in its infancy in Bangladesh, this synthesis provides an overview of the current scenario of microplastics pollution and some future research recommendations in the context of Bangladesh which might be helpful to the novice researchers of this field. 相似文献
326.
327.
Valto P Knuutinen J Alén R 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(3):287-294
Background, aim, and scope In papermaking, there is a continuous interest both to minimize fresh water consumption and to reduce discharges into the
environment. These general trends mean an increase in the amounts of detrimental substances, such as resin and fatty acids,
in papermaking process waters. Resin acids, in particular, are responsible for much of the toxicity typically present in paper
mill effluents and, for this reason, the routine and rapid monitoring of these compounds in various process streams is necessary.
This also means that there is a continuous need to develop straightforward offline and online techniques to clarify problems
occurring, for example, as a result of the introduction of more intensively closed systems of water circulation. In the present
study, we describe the use of a novel, online, sample enrichment technique followed by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass
spectrometry (APCI-MS) suitable for monitoring the concentration levels of common resin and fatty acids in papermaking process
waters.
Materials and methods The representative process water samples were taken from the grinding zone of a thermomechanical pulping mill. The samples
were first preconcentrated in a precolumn C18, and the analytes were transferred online to MS. The high intensive [M–H]− ion was used for the identification of each analyte since, according to the present ionization method, no other fragmentation
was observed. Laboratory-scale, online measurements with an online sample feed were carried out by connecting a centrifugal
pump and a ceramic filter to the APCI-MS.
Results Quality parameters, such as repeatability, linearity, and limit of detection (LOD), were determined by using dehydroabietic
acid (DHAA) in order to evaluate the suitability of the method for the rapid screening of concentration levels. This method
provided satisfactory linearity and a good correlation between analyte concentration and peak area. The suitability of the
system for the continuous analysis of the same acids was evaluated in laboratory-scale, online experiments. In all cases,
the response to changes in the analyte concentration was linear, and the repeatability of the system was also satisfactory.
Discussion Only a few studies have been published on the analysis of resin and fatty acids with MS techniques. The present method was
applied to the monitoring of dehydroabietic, oleic, and stearic acids. The quality parameters were highly comparable with
those reported earlier, and the LOD values of the DHAA were below the levels usually encountered in process waters. The quality
parameters were only slightly higher than those obtained by the traditional methods of analysis, probably due to the absence
of an effective sample clean-up before analysis.
Conclusions The results of the laboratory-scale, online experiments indicated that the online enrichment APCI-MS system is a suitable
alternative for monitoring the concentration levels of selected resin and fatty acids in papermaking process waters. The method
can be used, for example, to provide useful information about the concentration levels of these acids in different stages
of the process, thus signaling possibly impending problems. In general, faster and simpler measurements are needed to meet
the requirements for a reduction in fresh water usage in papermaking.
Recommendations and perspectives Compared to the conventional methods used for this purpose, the main benefits of the method are rapidity of measurement, simplicity
of use, and absence of the need for multistage sample treatments (short analysis time). For this reason, this online method
is more suitable for the control of papermaking by analyzing the concentration levels of interfering substances (i.e., selected
resin and fatty acids) than an offline analysis detailing all the individual extractives-based compounds in process streams.
It is also obvious that the technique can easily be modified for other environmental pollutants as well. 相似文献
328.
Sabitha Sakkir Junid N Shah Pritpal Soorae Mohamed Al Mehairbi Shaikha Al Dhaheri 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2017,21(1):189-195
Data on flora and vegetation of 14 off-shore islands representing different habitat types were studied for investigating floristic composition, vegetation types and correlation with their habitats and ecosystem. The results demonstrate considerable plant distribution and diversity among the islands within the limited spectrum of species; encompassing a total of 47 species, belonging to 43 genera under 24 families. The most representative families were Amaranthaceae (9 species), Fabaceae (4 species), Poaceae (4 species) and Asteraceae and Aizoaceae (3 species each). Fourteen families are represented by only one species. The mangrove species, Avicennia marina, occurs throughout the coast of Abu Dhabi in discontinuous patches and in different water salinities. The studies also seek to underline that dominant species that constitutes the flora of Abu Dhabi are salt tolerant in nature. Compared to other Arabian Peninsula ecosystems, UAE perhaps has a higher coastal: mainland area ratio, which has contributed to a natural dominance of salt tolerant species among the community. The studies show 40% similarity among islands with respect to the species diversity. The floristic composition of the off-shore islands also indicates a need to consider these sites as protected sites. 相似文献
329.
Cafeteria, vegetable, fruit, and cattle manure are available year around at low cost and have the potential to complement each other for anaerobic digestion (AD). The objectives of this study were to determine the preferred mixing ratios and effects of feedstock to inoculum ratios for the optimal biogas production. The mesophilic digestion tests were performed with five mixing ratios of CW, VW, FW with CM and five feedstock to inoculum (F/I) ratios using batch anaerobic digesters. Co-digestion of CW, VW, FW with CM was carried out at F/I ratios of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0. The results showed that the F/I ratio significantly affected the biogas production rate. Increasing the CW, VW, FW in the CM resulted in an increased methane yield by decreasing the F/I ratios in the reactors from 5.0 to 1.0. The highest biogas yields of 591.3, 432.9, and 450.6 L/kg VSfeed were obtained with CW/CM (50:50), VW/CM (25:75), and FW/CM (25:75) ratios, respectively. At five F/Is tested, after 45 days of AD, the total biogas yields were determined to be 629.74, 552.64, 501.87, 464.66, and 396.04 L and 496.93, 460.02, 420.5, 398.14, and 336.20 L, and 455.03, 382.81, 349.78, 340.95, and 298.53 L, respectively. However, the highest average CH4 contents obtained at an F/I of 1.0 were 62.14%, 60.72%, and 61.08% that are 5.87%, 9.47%, and 10.17% higher than those obtained at F/I ratio of 5.0 for CW/CM (50:50), VW/CM (25:75), and FW/CM (25:75), respectively. 相似文献
330.
Hussein A. Kazem Hamood A. S. Al-Badi Ahmed S. Al Busaidi Miqdam T. Chaichan 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2017,19(5):1761-1778
This paper addresses the requirements of electrical energy for an isolated island of Masirah in Oman. The paper studied the possibility of using sources of renewable energy in combination with current diesel power plant on the island to meet the electrical load demand. There are two renewable energy sources used in this study, solar and wind energy. This study aimed to design and evaluate hybrid solar/wind/diesel/battery system in terms of cost and pollution. By using HOMER software, many simulation analyses have been proposed to find and optimize different technologies that contain wind turbine, solar photovoltaic, and diesel in combination with storage batteries for electrical generation. Four different hybrid power systems were proposed, diesel generators only, wind/diesel/battery, PV/diesel/battery, and PV/wind/diesel/battery. The analysis of the results shows that around 75 % could reduce the cost of energy by using PV/wind/diesel hybrid power system. Also, the greenhouse emission could be reduced by around 25 % compared with these by using diesel generators system that currently utilize in the Masirah Island. The solar/wind/diesel hybrid system is techno-economically viable for Masirah Island. 相似文献