Chemical properties of dissolved organic matter derived from sugarcane rind and the impacts on copper adsorption onto red soil

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), as the most active organic carbon in the soil, has a coherent affinity with heavy metals from inherent and exogenous sources. Although the important roles of DOM in the adsorption of heavy metals in soil have previously been demonstrated, the heterogeneity and variability of the chemical constitution of DOM impede the investigation of its effects on heavy metal adsorption onto soil under natural conditions. Fresh DOM (FDOM) and degraded DOM (DDOM) from sugarcane rind were prepared, and their chemical properties were measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopes, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and molecular weight distribution (MWD). They were also used in batch experiments to evaluate their effects on the adsorption of Cu(II) onto farmland red soil. Based on our results, the chemical structure and composition of DDOM greatly varied; compared with FDOM, the C/O ratio (from 24.0 to 9.6%) and fluorescence index (FI) (from 1.4 to 1.0) decreased, and high molecular weight (>10 kDa) compounds increased from 23.18 to 70.51%, while low molecular weight (<3 kDa) compounds decreased from 56.13 to 12.13%; aromaticity and humification degree were markedly enhanced. The discrepancy of FDOM and DDOM in terms of chemical properties greatly influenced Cu(II) adsorption onto red soil by affecting DOM-Cu(II) complex capacity. The FDOM inhibited the adsorption of Cu(II), while DDOM promoted adsorption, which was significantly influenced by soil pH. Maximum adsorption capacity (Q _m) was 0.92 and 5.76 mg g^?1 in the presence of FDOM and DDOM, respectively. The adsorption process with DDOM could be better described by the Langmuir model, while that with FDOM was better described by the Freundlich model. The impacts caused by the dynamic changes of the chemical properties of DOM under natural conditions should therefore be considered in the risk assessment and remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals.     

Promotion of pyrene degradation in rhizosphere of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the phytoremediation of pyrene-contaminated soil using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa biomasses, microbial viable counts, dehydrogenase activity, residual pyrene concentration and pyrene removal percentage were determined after 60 days of alfalfa growth. The results indicated that pyrene had an inhibitive effect on alfalfa growth, and higher pyrene concentration seriously affected alfalfa growth. In addition, the inhibitive effect on the root was more severe than that on the shoot. When pyrene concentration reached 492 mg kg(-1) in soil, the shoot and root biomasses were only 34% and 22% of those of alfalfa growing in non-spiked soil, respectively. The rhizospheric bacterial and fungi counts were 5.0-7.5 and 1.8-2.3 times higher than those in non-rhizosphere soil, respectively. The residual concentrations of pyrene in the rhizosphere soil were lower than those in the non-rhizosphere soil. After 60 days, 69-85% and 59-80% of spiked pyrene disappeared from the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, respectively. The removal percentage decreased with increasing pyrene concentration. However, the average removal of pyrene in the rhizosphere soil was 6% higher than that in the non-rhizosphere soil. Therefore, the presence of alfalfa roots was effective in promoting the phytoremediation of freshly added pyrene into the soil.     

两种土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染特征与评价

为研究安徽铜陵某矿区耕地和人工林地两种土地利用方式下土壤重金属污染特征，应用Tomlinson污染负荷指数法和生物富集系数评价研究区土壤重金属Cd、Cu污染水平和植物重金属富集水平。结果表明：研究区耕地土壤Cd、Cu全量2.34和161.25 mg/kg，均高于林地Cd、Cu全量1.26和80.15 mg/kg，二者均超农用地土壤污染风险筛选值（GB 15618-2018，pH≤5.5）和铜陵市重金属背景值，耕地和林地污染水平分别为中度污染和轻微污染。耕地糙米Cd（0.95 mg/kg）超标严重，黄山栾树地上部Cd、Cu富集系数均低于水稻地上部。综上，黄山栾树人工林地Cd、Cu污染轻于耕地，退耕还林是研究区更佳的土地利用选择。     

江苏省土地利用“生产-生活-生态”功能变化与耦合特征分析

土地作为生产、生活和生态（简称“三生”）功能的综合载体,对其功能进行定量评价和耦合协调特征分析是土地利用冲突识别、国土空间优化配置等的重要基础。以江苏省为研究区,基于“三生”功能内涵解析,采用多尺度融合数学模型,构建了集成行政单元和格网尺度的综合评价指标体系,以2005、2015年为研究断面,应用耦合协调度模型计算了江苏省“三生”功能的耦合协调度。研究结果表明：（1）江苏土地利用生产和生活功能有较大提升,增幅分别为13.79%、21.72%,但空间差异显著,苏南各市县占比最高,苏中次之,苏北普遍较低;生态功能均有所下降,总减幅为6.03%;（2）江苏土地利用“三生”功能耦合协调度类型区划分为良好协调区、中级协调区、初级协调区、次级协调区和低级协调区5种类型;良好协调区和中级协调区均有所增加;初级协调区占比增加22.05%,且增幅最大;次级协调区占比减少33.91%,且减幅最大;低级协调区占比均最低。（3）江苏“三生”功能耦合协调水平时空分布特征显著,苏南耦合协调水平最高,苏北耦合协调水平变化最大,省域总体从初级协调损益水平提升为初级协调同步水平。本研究实现了在区域层面进行多尺度融合的土地利用“三生”功能评价,可为土地利用冲突识别提供一定的方法参考。     

土地利用变化对碳排放的影响

大气中温室气体浓度增加是人类面临的严峻挑战.土地利用变化已成为仅次于化石能源燃烧的第二大温室气体排放源.本文在界定土地利用变化碳排放作用机制及内涵的基础上,从农用地向非农用地转换、农用地内部土地利用以及非农用地内部土地利用三个方面综述了土地利用变化对碳排放的影响.农用地向非农用地的转换会增加碳排放量.农用地内部土地利用变化方面,农田转换为森林或草地能够使土壤和植被碳储量增加,但是土壤碳汇集速率存在一定的差异;农田、森林和草地管理措施对生态系统碳循环的影响目前还存在争议,但基本观点是合理的管理措施能够减少碳排放置.非农用地内部土地利用变化方面,从能源消耗角度考虑,二产用地向三产用地转换会减少碳排放量.因此合理组织土地利用对帮助我国实现碳减排承诺,发展低碳经济有重要意义.     

大九湖泥炭藓湿地对磷、铜污染物净化作用的模拟研究

在大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地采用野外实地模拟方法,就泥炭藓湿地对铜、磷两种污染物的净化能力进行了研究。结果表明,磷污染物浓度分别为10,100,1 000 mg/L时,两小时后泥炭藓湿地对该污染物的净化率分别为939%,695%,663%;同样的浓度梯度下,对铜污染物的净化率分别为1000%,976%,880%。泥炭藓湿地对污染物具有很强的净化能力,其泥炭层部分在湿地净化污染物中起到重要作用。利用拟一级动力学模型、修改上限的拟一级动力学模型、拟二级动力学模型、Elovich模型、双常数速率模型、抛物线扩散模型等6个模型对泥炭藓湿地的净化进行动态研究,其中后4个模型均可模拟湿地净化的动态过程。长期预测以拟二级动力学模型为最佳。     

丙溴磷在土壤中的吸附与迁移行为研究

采用气相色谱(GC-FPD)法建立了丙溴磷在水和土壤中的残留分析方法。结果表明,丙溴磷在水和土壤中的平均回收率在87.18%~103.64%之间,变异系数为4.84%~9.89%;丙溴磷在水和土壤中的最低检测浓度分别为0.005 mg/L,0.05 mg/kg。采用平衡吸附法和薄层层析法研究了丙溴磷在砂土、壤土和粘土中的吸附和迁移特性。结果表明:丙溴磷在砂土、壤土和粘土中的吸附常数Kd分别为12.70、33.65和74.92,土壤对丙溴磷的吸附能力与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,其移动性分别表现为在砂土、壤土中不易移动,在粘土中不移动。     

工业废水中有机污染物指标TOC、CODCr、BOD5相关性研究

研究了工业废水中有机污染物指标TOC、CODCr、BOD5三者之间的相关性。用耶拿Muhiwin N／C 3100型总有机碳测定仪测定TOC,用经典方法测定CODCr、BOD5。通过TOC线性回归计算发现TOC与CODCr、BOD5有很好的相关性。因此对于生产稳定的企业可通过测定TOC推算出CODCr、BOD5值。从而可将TOC作为有机污染物排放控制指标。     

乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾甲烷发酵动力学特性及底物的影响

重点考察了乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾甲烷发酵动力学的影响,并探讨了预发酵产生的乙醇作为甲烷发酵底物——"缓释乙酸"的可能性。结果表明:与一级动力学模型相比,修正的Gompertz模型更适合描述餐厨垃圾复杂底物的厌氧发酵体系。预发酵组最大产甲烷速率Rm比对照组高2.22倍,且T80(底物降解80%所需时长)和产气停滞期λ比对照组分别减少了1.67 d和0.64 d,表明乙醇预发酵可加快甲烷发酵的启动,显著提高底物降解速率和产甲烷速率。在单一碳源(乙醇、乙酸)的厌氧消化实验中,累积甲烷产率由高到低顺序为乙醇组(372 m L)>乙酸组(155 m L)>对照组(62 m L)。乙醇预发酵不仅可防止酸化,还能使乙醇起到"缓释乙酸"的作用,为甲烷菌提供足够的底物,从而显著提高餐厨垃圾甲烷发酵系统的稳定性。     

Cd胁迫下复合叶面肥对水稻幼苗生长及Cd积累特征的影响

为探究叶面喷施肥料是否可有效缓解重金属对水稻的毒害作用,以湘晚籼17和五优369基因型水稻品种为材料,通过盆栽试验法测定复合叶面肥对土壤不同浓度Cd胁迫下水稻幼苗的生长情况和地上、地下部Cd积累效应。结果表明:喷施自制复合叶面肥不仅能促进2种水稻幼苗株高和干重的增长,且能有效地抑制水稻地上部Cd积累,对湘晚籼17的抑制效果优于五优369。这说明多养分复合叶面肥对水稻Cd积累的调控效果可能与水稻自身品种差异和土壤Cd的浓度有关。