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331.
The stomatal resistance, measured with a ventilated diffusion porometer at various times before, during, and after exposure to 20–25 pphm ozone, was followed in water-stressed or well-watered beans, beans exposed at either low (37%) or high (73%) atmospheric humidity, and two tobacco cultivars exposed at the same two humidities. The two tobacco cultivars that were compared were the 03-susceptible Bel W-3 and the 03-resistant Consolidated L. The stomata of the water-stressed but unwilted bean plants closed quickly from a resistance of 2.9 ± 0.3 sec/cm to 8.4 ± 1.0 sec/cm when exposed to O3 whereas those in the unstressed plants closed slowly from a resistance of 2.5 ± 0.6 sec/cm to 5.2 ± 0.8 sec/cm after exposure to O3 for 10 min. Exposure to 03 for 30 min in the moist atmosphere caused no change in stomatal resistance of the bean plants whereas in the dry atmosphere the stomata closed from a resistance of 3.7 ± 0.4 sec/cm to 6.7 ± 0.6 sec/cm, but opened again when ozonation was terminated. With tobacco exposed to O3 in a dry atmosphere the stomata of the 03-resistant cultivar closed more rapidly than the 03-susceptible variety, whereas in a moist atmosphere the stomata of both cultivars closed slowly and equally during the 60 min of ozonation.  相似文献   
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A series of experiments using bulk precipitation collectors of the type used in the UK precipitation chemistry network measured the amounts of NH4+, SO42− and other ions that could be washed from funnels (diameter 15 cm) exposed to a wide range of NH3 and SO2 concentrations over periods from hours to days. In dry conditions, the average deposition flux of NH3 was between 50 and 120 nmol NH4+ funnel−1 d−1 (0.1–0.3 kg N ha−1 yr−1), and was independent of the concentration of NH3. Dry deposition of NH3 to wet funnels at small NH3 concentrations was almost 5 times that to dry funnels under the same conditions (average 240 nmol funnel−1 d−1; 0.7 kg ha−1 yr−1), and increased with increasing NH3 concentrations. The amount of NH4+ ions remaining on the funnel surface was inversely proportional to the vapour pressure deficit during the experiment. This result was interpreted as a dependence on the duration of surface wetness, with greater deposition of NH4+ when evaporation rates of surface water were small.The amount of SO2 deposited on funnel surfaces was closely related to the amount of NH3 deposited, in both wet and dry conditions, but was not strongly correlated with the SO2 concentration. At low NH3 and SO2 concentrations the average deposition to dry funnels was 70 nmol SO42− funnel−1 d−1 (0.5 kg ha−1 yr−1), and to wet funnels was approximately 2.5 times larger. The results are interpreted in terms of the balance between the rate of evaporation of surface water, and the rate of oxidation of SO2, which leads to the ‘fixing’ of NH4+ ions on the surface as involatile salts.It is predicted that dry deposition of NH3 to funnel surfaces across the UK Secondary Network could account for as much as one-half of the measured bulk wet deposition at sites where wet deposition of NH4–N is small. The amount of dry deposition depends on how long and how often funnel surfaces are wetted by rain or dew, and on the air concentrations of NH3. These predictions are based on funnels being wetted only once per day. More frequent wetting would increase the contribution from dry deposition, and the consequent overestimate of wet deposition of NH4–N across the UK by using data obtained from bulk collectors. To some extent this overestimate may be offset by microbial degradation and loss of NH4–N in weekly bulk precipitation samples during collection and storage.  相似文献   
334.
Active citizen involvement is driven by assumptions about inclusivity, equity and fairness and as such is part of an agenda for devolving power, largely from local authorities to individual persons or groups. Few theorists and practitioners doubt the benefits of such deliberative involvement but there is, as yet, little guidance on how to initiate, establish and support individual groups, nor how to evaluate their processes and outcomes. This lack of guidance often leads to groups being inadequately or inappropriately supported which, consequently, reduces their ability to engage in the very local political processes that they were initiated to address. This paper offers a new approach to the creation and support of such groups and outlines the design of two participation evaluation matrices, one to monitor the process and one to evaluate the outcome of the participatory exercise, providing a valuable feed-back tool for participants and facilitators. The paper concludes that it is important to have the financial commitment and willingness of the local authority to recognise public involvement as an educative process, to empower people and to allow groups to develop and own their achievements.  相似文献   
335.
ABSTRACT: A methodology to estimate the average monthly lake evaporation, E(τ), (month τ=1,12) for fresh water bodies located in the northeast United States is presented. The approach combines analysis of at‐site, lake‐specific vertical water temperature profile data and a previously developed regional air temperature based model approximation of the widely accepted modified Penman energy budget estimate of mean monthly potential evaporation, Ep(τ) (mm/day). The paper presents procedures to develop site‐specific estimates of Ep(τ) and to convert water temperature data to average monthly conductive heat flux, G(τ). With monthly estimates of G(τ), the average monthly potential evaporation, Ep(τ), is then convertible to estimates of the average monthly lake evaporation, E(τ). This new method permits a good estimate of site‐specific lake evaporation rates without the data and computational requirements of the Penman energy budget procedure nor the comparatively expensive, time consuming field eddy correlation approach.  相似文献   
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Observed emergence of IPNV in farmed Irish salmon is simulated using a model originally developed to analyse the spread of the virus in Scotland [Murray, A.G., 2006a. A model of the spread of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Scottish salmon farms 1996–2003. Ecol. Model. 199, 64–72]. IPNV appears to have become established relatively recently in Ireland and the model is altered to explicitly simulate the origin of the spread of the virus. Input to freshwater farms was key to initiation of infection, but modelling suggests that endogenous spread was responsible for much of the subsequent increase in prevalence of IPNV. From the modelling, it is unlikely that direct imports accounted for most IPNV cases. If this is the case, cessation of imports, without a substantial improvement in biosecurity, would be likely to be of only limited effect in controlling IPNV. Marine IPNV prevalence appears to be insensitive to direct interventions in the marine environment (as in the Scottish model). A multi-element control strategy, targeting both endogenous spread and external input of infection and prioritising freshwater sites, but extending to marine sites, would probably now be required to eradicate IPNV from Ireland.  相似文献   
338.
A pilot scale field trial was conducted to evaluate the recovery of volatile, light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) using a novel remediation method termed supersaturated water injection (SWI). SWI uses a patented technology to efficiently dissolve high concentrations of CO2 into water at elevated pressures. This water is injected into the subsurface resulting in the nucleation of CO2 bubbles at and away from the injection point. The nucleating bubbles coalesce, rise and volatilize residual LNAPL ganglia. In this study, an LNAPL composed of 103 kg of volatile pentane and hexane, and 30 kg of non-volatile Soltrol was emplaced below the water table at residual saturation. The SWI technology removed 78% of the pentane and 50% of the less volatile hexane. Contaminant mass was still being removed when the system was shut down for practical reasons. The mass removed is comparable to that expected for air sparging but a much smaller volume of gas was injected using the SWI system.  相似文献   
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In this short review, the objectives and work of SAFE—the Special Non-invasive Advances in Fetal and Neonatal Evaluation Network, a European Union Framework VI network of excellence is described. We demonstrate how this network facilitates the implementation of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for single gene disorders, fetal rhesus typing, aneuploidy and pregnancy complications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
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