基于雨量(强)条件的泥石流预测预报研究现状、问题与建议

在对基于雨量(强)条件泥石流预测预报现状综合分析的基础上,提出了目前降雨型泥石流预测预报中存在的问题:①前期降雨对泥石流发生的贡献问题;②前期降雨对泥石流影响的衰减问题;③前期有效降雨天数的确定问题;④前期降雨和短历时降雨的权重衡量问题;⑤基于前期有效雨量的泥石流预测预报模式的确定问题。提出了降雨型泥石流预测预报程式框架和相关建议:①基于雨量(强)条件的泥石流预测预报应同机理研究密切结合;②单沟泥石流临界雨量条件和预测预报应同泥石流类型密切结合;③区域泥石流临界雨量条件和预测预报应同环境地质背景密切结合。     

Energy and exergy optimization of food waste pretreatment and incineration

With the aim of upgrading current food waste (FW) management strategy, a novel FW hydrothermal pretreatment and air-drying incineration system is proposed and optimized from an energy and exergy perspective. Parameters considered include the extracted steam quality, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW, and the reactor thermal efficiency. Results show that optimal working condition can be obtained when the temperature and pressure of extracted steam are 159 °C and 0.17 MPa, the final moisture content of dehydrated FW is 10%, and the reactor thermal efficiency is 90%. Under such circumstance, the optimal steam energy and exergy increments reach 194.92 and 324.50 kJ/kg-FW, respectively. The novel system is then applied under the local conditions of Hangzhou, China. Results show that approximately 2.7 or 11.6% (from energy or exergy analysis perspective) of electricity can be additionally generated from 1 ton of MSW if the proposed novel FW system is implemented. Besides, comparisons between energy and exergy analysis are also discussed.

     

超声-紫外光协同催化体系降解水中菲

以纳米TiO_2为催化剂,采用超声-紫外光协同催化体系降解水中菲,并考察了菲降解率的影响因素。实验结果表明:不同类型TiO_2对菲降解率的大小顺序为锐钛矿型TiO_2P25型TiO_2金红石型TiO_2;超声-紫外光协同催化体系对菲的降解率大于单独超声体系或紫外光催化体系,且均遵从一级反应动力学规律;在超声频率为60k Hz、声强为0.233 W/cm2、TiO_2投加量为0.06 g/L、pH为4.0、H_2O_2浓度为19.59 mmol/L的条件下降解75 min后,超声-紫外光协同催化体系对初始质量浓度为0.96 mg/L的菲的降解率可达76.78%。     

6061‑T6铝合金材料的冲击压缩力学性能实验与数值模拟∗

为了探究 6061?T6 铝合金的冲击力学性能和在防护结构上的应用前景,采用实验与数值模拟相结合的方法开展分析研究。根据多组准静态压缩及冲击压缩实验数据,对 Johnson?Cook 本构模型的相应参数进行了拟合;再进行数值模拟分析,并把数值模拟的结果与实验结果对比分析。最终,得到了 6061?T6 铝合金在常温下的屈服强度、峰值应力等力学参数;拟合出了 6061?T6 铝合金 J?C 模型的相应参数;研究表明 6061?T6 铝合金是一种应变率敏感材料,其屈服强度、流动应力峰值随着应变率的提高而提高,同时材料对冲击荷载的能量吸收也越来越多;当应变率为 1 600 s^-1 时,相对于准静态,其屈服强度和极限承载力分别提高了 30%、78%;数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好,表明拟合的 J?C 模型能够较好地表现出 6061?T6 铝合金在高应变率下的应力流动行为。研究成果可为 6061?T6 铝合金材料冲击动力学分析和在抗爆结构上的应用提供依据和参考,其在防护工程,防灾减灾工程领域上应用前景广阔。     

天然气净化厂放空废气对环境的影响及控制措施

天然气净化厂除正常生产有工艺废气排放外,传统装置检修开停产过程、供电或设备异常情况下,会有大量酸气、原料气通过放空火炬燃烧后排放。文章主要分析了天然气净化装置放空废气排放情况及其对周边环境的影响,阐述了异常放空、检修开停产过程原料气和酸气放空的控制措施及其环境效益。     

Pyrolysis characteristics of organic components of municipal solid waste at high heating rates

The pyrolysis characteristics of six representative organic components of municipal solid waste (MSW) and their mixtures were studied in a specially designed thermogravimetric analysis apparatus with a maximum recorded heating rate of 864.8 degrees Cmin(-1). The pyrolysis behavior of individual components was described by the Avrami-Erofeev equation. The influence of final temperature on individual components was studied, and it was concluded that final temperature was a factor in reaction speed and intensity, but that it played only a limited role in determining the reaction mechanism. The interactions between different components were evaluated, and it was concluded that the interaction between homogeneous materials was minimal, whereas the interaction between polyethylene and biomass was significant.     

低温等离子体杀菌的实验研究

由于传统的化学水处理方式有化学成分残留和环境污染问题,因而迫切需要开发新型的水处理技术。本研究针对现有杀菌消毒方法的不足之处,利用低温等离子体进行杀菌处理的实验研究,对电压、水层厚度、气体种类及电极形式的影响进行考察。结果表明,低温等离子体用于杀菌不仅效果显著,而且使用方便、快捷、安全并无残留,因而适于饮用水或者生活污水的杀菌处理。     

高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂的发泡特性及应用研究

以污泥蛋白为实验材料,通过加入不同量的稳定剂GP-1,配制成高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂,并对高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂的发泡特性和影响因素进行研究。结果表明,以污泥蛋白10 mL、水90 mL、GP-1 0.4 g配方组合为研究对象,所制备的泡沫初始体积为770 mL,泡沫泌水时间大于15 h,泡沫半衰期大于64 h,泡沫综合发泡能力为2.2×10⁶ mL·min,泡沫的最佳搅拌时间为5 min,泡沫的泌水时间和泡沫的半衰期都是随着温度的上升而下降,在pH为3～13时泡沫稳定。经过对高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂发泡特性研究以及对水泥的胶凝时间、特性进行比较,研制出污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土发泡剂,并制备污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土块;结果表明,当污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土发泡剂的用量分别为0、6、6.8、7.6、8.4和9.2 mL,水泥为200 g时,制备泡沫混凝土块,其密度由2.07 g/cm³下降到0.34 g/cm³,体积由130 cm³ 上升到755 cm³;在泡沫混凝土块脱模后的第1 d、第7 d、第28 d分别称量他们的重量变化情况,结果表明,泡沫混凝土块第1 d和第7 d无重量变化,第28 d的重量明显减轻。该研究为污泥蛋白研制成为泡沫混凝土发泡剂,并应用于屋面隔热、保温建立前期基础。     

Poplar plantation has the potential to alter the water balance in semiarid Inner Mongolia

Poplar plantation is the most dominant broadleaf forest type in northern China. Since the mid-1990s plantation was intensified to combat desertification along China's northwestern border, i.e., within Inner Mongolia (IM). This evoked much concern regarding the ecological and environmental effects on areas that naturally grow grass or shrub vegetation. To highlight potential consequences of large-scale poplar plantations on the water budget within semiarid IM, we compared the growing season water balance (evapotranspiration (ET) and precipitation (PPT)) of a 3-yr old poplar plantation (Kp₃) and a natural shrubland (Ks) in the Kubuqi Desert in western IM, and a 6-yr old poplar plantation (Bp₆) growing under sub-humid climate near Beijing. The results showed that, despite 33% lower PPT at Kp₃, ET was 2% higher at Kp₃ (228 mm) as compared with Ks (223 mm) in May–September 2006. The difference derived mainly from higher ET at the plantation during drier periods of the growing season, which also indicated that the poplars must have partly transpired groundwater. Estimated growing season ET at Bp₆ was about 550 mm and more than 100% higher than at Kp₃. It is estimated that increases in leaf area index and net radiation at Kp₃ provide future potential for the poplars in Kubuqi to exceed the present ET and ET of the natural shrubland by 100–200%. These increases in ET are only possible through the permanent use of groundwater either directly by the trees or through increased irrigation. This may significantly change the water balance in the area (e.g., high ET at the cost of a reduction in the water table), which renders large-scale plantations a questionable tool in sustainable arid-land management.     

中国东南沿海地区耕地资源保护与可持续利用

我国东南沿海地区具有优越的地理区位和气候条件,加上地区开发历史悠久,已成为中国经济最发达的地区之一。然而,近十多年来,由于经济以超常规速度发展,第二,三产业的发展速度,第二,三产业的发展速度大幅度加快,人多地少的矛盾日益突出,导致耕地面积不断萎缩,耕地质量不断下降。利用率和产出率显著滑坡,滥占耕地,占而不用及闲置浪费的现象相当普遍。以浙江省乐清市为例,近年来耕地以平均每年１．２％的速率在减少,目前