Metal accumulation in the tissues of grass carps (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) from fresh water around a copper mine in Southeast China

Mining effluents are the main source of metals in the surrounding aquatic environment. The mining district of Purple Mountain has a history of copper mining for more than 30 years, but there is limited investigation of metal bioaccumulation in the aquatic creatures from the Tingjiang river catchment affected by the mining activities. In this study, we collected grass carps (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) from four sites, and analyzed the accumulation of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) in ten tissues (scale, skin, muscle, gill, liver, kidney, fish maw, heart, stomach, and intestine) of the fish samples. Among all tissue samples, the highest concentrations (micrograms per gram wet weight) of Ni (0.263), Cu (69.2), Zn (84.0), As (0.259), Cd (0.640), Hg (0.051), and Pb (0.534) were noted in the liver, gill, and kidney tissues, whereas the highest concentrations of Cr (0.356) and Mn (62.7) were detected in the skin and intestine, respectively. These results gave a better understanding of the variability of metals distribution in different fish tissues. In comparison with the sample sites, metals (especially Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb) in liver, gill, kidney, stomach, and intestine showed more inter-site differences than other tissues. The inter-site differences also revealed that site 1 and 2 increased fish uptake of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb, which may indicate that the copper mine and urban effluents contributed to high levels of these metals in aquatic environments in site 1 and 2. A potential food safety issue may emerge depending on the mining activities in this region because some metals in a few tissue samples exceeded the guideline values for human consumption of fish.     

Measurement of HONO flux using the aerodynamic gradient method over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin, China

To investigate nitrous acid(HONO) levels and potential HONO sources above crop rotation fields. The HONO fluxes were measured by the aerodynamic gradient(AG) method from 14 December 2019 to 2 January 2020 over an agricultural field in the Huaihe River Basin. The ambient HONO levels were measured at two different heights(0.15 and 1.5 m), showing a typical diurnal cycle with low daytime levels and high nighttime levels. The upward HONO fluxes were mostly observed during the day, whereas deposition...     

Illegal trade in wild cats and its link to Chinese-led development in Central and South America

Seizures of hundreds of jaguar heads and canines in Central and South America from 2014 to 2018 resulted in worldwide media coverage suggesting that wildlife traffickers are trading jaguar body parts as substitutes for tiger parts to satisfy the demand for traditional Asian medicine. We compiled a data set of >1000 seized wild cats (jaguar [Panthera onca], puma [Puma concolor], and ocelot [Leopardus pardalis]) from 19 Central and South American countries and China. We ran generalized additive mixed models to detect trends in wild-cat seizures from 2012 to 2018 and assess the effects of socioeconomic factors of source countries and between those countries and China on the number of wild cats seized. Jaguar seizures increased over time, and most of the seized jaguar pieces were canines (1991 of 2117). Around 34% (32 of 93) of the jaguar-part seizure reports were linked with China, and these seizures contained 14-fold more individuals than those intended for domestic markets. Source countries with relatively high levels of corruption and Chinese private investment and low income per capita had 10–50 times more jaguar seizures than the remaining sampled countries. The number of Chinese residents in Central and South America was not significantly related to the number of jaguars seized. No socioeconomic factors influenced the seizures of puma and ocelots. Legal market chains may provide structure for the illegal chain; thus, the influx of illegal jaguar products is potentially a side effect of the economic partnership between Central and South American countries and China. Poverty and high levels of corruption in the source countries may motivate local people to engage in illegal activities and contribute to the growth of this trade. Supply-side interventions to curb this threat to Neotropical wild cats may include improved training for officials and promotion of governance and the value of protecting these animals to local people.     

脱硫灰中杂质对石灰石脱硫活性的影响

研究脱硫灰中杂质对石灰石脱硫活性的影响具有重要意义,采用烟气湿法脱硫用石灰石粉反应速率的测定方法,使用瑞士万通902智能电位滴定仪,分析了SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、CaSO3与MgO等脱硫灰中5种杂质对石灰石脱硫活性的影响。结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,SiO2、Al2O3、CaSO3的加入在一定程度上促进了石灰石的溶解,而MgO、Fe2O3的加入在一定程度上抑制了石灰石的溶解。将脱硫灰与石灰石掺合作脱硫剂时,要综合考虑这5种杂质对石灰石溶出的影响,选择适宜的脱硫灰和石灰石掺合比。     

Classification and identification of metal-accumulating plant species by cluster analysis

Identification and classification of metal-accumulating plant species is essential for phytoextraction. Cluster analysis is used for classifying individuals based on measured characteristics. In this study, classification of plant species for metal accumulation was conducted using cluster analysis based on a practical survey. Forty plant samples belonging to 21 species were collected from an ancient silver-mining site. Five groups such as hyperaccumulator, potential hyperaccumulator, accumulator, potential accumulator, and normal accumulating plant were graded. For Cd accumulation, the ancient silver-mining ecotype of Sedum alfredii was treated as a Cd hyperaccumulator, and the others were normal Cd-accumulating plants. For Zn accumulation, S. alfredii was considered as a potential Zn hyperaccumulator, Conyza canadensis and Artemisia lavandulaefolia were Zn accumulators, and the others were normal Zn-accumulating plants. For Pb accumulation, S. alfredii and Elatostema lineolatum were potential Pb hyperaccumulators, Rubus hunanensis, Ajuga decumbens, and Erigeron annuus were Pb accumulators, C. canadensis and A. lavandulaefolia were potential Pb accumulators, and the others were normal Pb-accumulating plants. Plant species with the potential for phytoextraction were identified such as S. alfredii for Cd and Zn, C. canadensis and A. lavandulaefolia for Zn and Pb, and E. lineolatum, R. hunanensis, A. decumbens, and E. annuus for Pb. Cluster analysis is effective in the classification of plant species for metal accumulation and identification of potential species for phytoextraction.     

壳聚糖-活性炭复合物水冲前后吸附性及其抑菌性能的研究

将3种不同分子量(Mw)壳聚糖(50 000、100 000及高分子量(粘度为50～800 mPa·s))分别与活性炭制成壳聚糖活性炭复合物.考察自来水冲洗前后,壳聚糖-活性炭复合物的吸附性能及其对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌抑制性能的变化.结果表明,经水流冲洗后,3种壳聚糖制备的壳聚糖-活性炭复合物的吸附性能上升,而抑菌性能下降;其中,高分子量壳聚糖制备而成的壳聚糖-活性炭复合物对两种细菌仍有较强的抑制能力.即高分子量壳聚糖制备而成的壳聚糖-活性炭复合物更适于在实际水处理中应用.     

纳米TiO2花式分层微球的合成及其对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

利用仿生合成的方法,以甘氨酸为模板剂、钛酸正四丁酯作钛源,水热合成一种新型纳米TiO₂花式微球,并对其进行了表征。通过考察pH值、温度和Pb(Ⅱ)溶液的初始浓度对吸附效果的影响,研究了TiO₂花式微球对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能及其吸附动力学特性。结果表明,纳米TiO₂花式微球直径约2 μm,平均孔径约56 nm,比表面积约是270.3 m²/g;当pH值为4.0时TiO₂花式微球对溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)吸附率达到最高,210 min时基本达到吸附平衡,20、30和40℃的最大吸附量分别为75.64、76.34 和77.52 mg/g。吸附过程遵循准二级速率方程,与Langmuir等温式拟合更好。     

基于ANP和模糊证据理论的应答器系统风险评估方法研究

针对应答器系统风险评估过程中存在较大模糊性和主观性的问题,提出了基于网络分析法(ANP)和模糊证据理论的风险评估模型。首先,识别评估对象的风险因素,建立相应的ANP评价模型,采用专家均值置信法改进传统ANP,确定风险因素权重;然后利用模糊数学理论确定专家评语基本信度分配(BPA)函数,并运用折扣系数法修正证据理论,合成专家意见得到各风险因素的BPA函数;最后通过加权平均函数实现风险综合评判,依据最大隶属度原则确定风险等级。利用该评估模型对应答器系统功能失效进行了风险评估,验证了模型的可行性和有效性。     

环氧乙烷存储单元寿命周期动态风险分析与预测

为了保证工艺过程的安全性,工程师们使用多种定量风险评价方法对整个过程进行评估。但定量风险评价方法无法随着化工工艺寿命周期的进行而实时更新数据。基于南京化工园区某公司环氧乙烷存储装置,借助@Risk软件,分别应用确定性概率方法和不确定性概率分布方法对装置进行了风险概率分析。在此基础上,应用贝叶斯理论更新概率分布参数,基于设定的事件累积次数对环氧乙烷存储装置进行了动态风险评估。结果表明,24个终态事件的发生概率是变化的,装置整体的安全状态概率随着运行时间的推移而减小,并逐渐趋近0.612 86,事故概率减小,并逐渐趋近0.023 72,未遂事件概率增加,并逐渐趋近0.334 57。通过Origin拟合得到的事故概率和未遂事件概率函数与海因里希法较为吻合。     

Supercritical water oxidation of tannery sludge: Stabilization of chromium and destruction of organics

The supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of industrial tannery sludge was investigated to understand the simultaneous destruction of organic pollutants and recovery of high content chromium. Experiments were performed in a batch reactor at temperatures of 350–500 °C, reaction time of 150–300 s and different oxygen ratios, to exhibit the effect of operation conditions. Results showed that removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased with higher temperature, larger oxidant amount and reaction time; a maximum value of 96% was obtained. Meanwhile, destruction yield was much higher under supercritical conditions than that in subcritical water. In addition, removal efficiency of Cr from sludge reached more than 98% under all conditions; higher temperature played a positive role. Further, leaching toxicity tests of heavy metals in solid products were conducted based on toxicity characteristic leaching procedure. All heavy metals except nickel showed a greatly reduced leaching toxicity through their stabilization. The chromium oxide recovered in ash was amorphous below 550 °C, so that the structure of Cr could not be identified by X-ray diffraction pattern. Special attention should be paid on nickel as its leaching toxicity increased due to the corrosion of reactor surface under severe reaction conditions.