Research on low emission MSW gasification and melting system

In order to eliminate secondary pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration, a MSW gasification and melting process is proposed. The process is expected to reduce the emission of pollutants, especially heavy-metals and dioxins. In this paper, the combustible components of MSW and simulated MSW were gasified in a lab-scale fluidized bed at 400°C–700°C when the excess air ratio (ER) was between 0.2 and 0.8. The experimental results indicated that the MSW could be gasified effectively in a fluidized bed at approximately 600°C–700°C when excess air ratio was 0.2–0.4. The melting characteristics of two typical fly ash samples from MSW incinerators were investigated. The results indicated that fly ash of pure MSW incineration could be melted at approximately 1,300°C and that of MSW and coal co-combustion could be melted at approximately 1,400°C. When temperature was over 1,100°C, more than 99.9% of the dioxins could be decomposed and most of the heavy-metals could be solidified in the slag. Based on the above experiments, two feasible MSW gasification and melting processes were proposed for low calorific value MSW: (1) sieved MSW gasification and melting system, which was based on an idea of multi-recycle; (2) gasification and melting scheme of MSW adding coal as assistant fuel.     

五氯酚钠对蜜蜂的毒性测定

采用接触法和摄入法，研究了五氯酚钠对蜜蜂的毒性。结果表明，五氯酚钠接触毒性为８０．３μｇ／蜂，属低毒级药物。按正常用量用于灭螺时，一般不会对非靶生物蜜蜂产生危害。     

ASBR工艺的研究及应用

对厌氧序批式工艺(ASBR工艺)进行了系统分析。分析包括工艺过程、工艺特点、工艺的调控及在国内外的应用等。着重研究了该工艺的影响因素,如温度、碱度、进水时间与反应时间比、反应器尺寸等。分析研究表明,ASBR工艺是一种新型高效厌氧节能的工艺,有许多优点,具有广泛的应用前景,非常适合于处理我国复杂的废水水质。     

我国资源经济的考察研究

任何科学的形成与发展,都是来源于生产实践与社会需要。第二次世界大战以来的几十年间,由于人口迅速增长和社会需要的不断扩大,人类对自然资源的开发利用越来越广泛和深入,因而逐渐产生了自然资源数量耗减、质量退化和环境生态失调等种种问题,引起了人们的普遍关注和讨论。资源经济学就是人们在研究这些问题的过程中逐步形成的 它研究国民经济发展与自然资源开发、利用、治理、保护的经济课题。资源经济的考察研究是资源经济学研究的一部分,也是自然资源综合考察工作的重要内容。在我国,资     

Fenton试剂生成·OH的动力学研究

通过试验研究确定了Fenton试剂中羟基自由基·OH生成的动力学规律 ,系统考察了Fenton体系中三个主要因素 :H2 O2 浓度、FeSO4 浓度、pH值对羟基自由基·OH生成规律的影响情况 ,结果表明 ,这三个因素对羟基自由基的生成均有较大的影响 ,在实际生产过程中需加以严格控制 ,以保证最佳的处理效果     

双酚A和典型类固醇环境激素迁移转化研究进展

近年来有关环境激素污染的认知、研究与防治已经开始受到全球的重视,其中双酚A(BPA)和类固醇是环境中检出频率较高的几种环境激素.国外有关BPA和类固醇环境激素的调查和其迁移转化的研究已经广泛展开,但我国仍处于起步阶段.综述了国内外BPA和两种典型类固醇激素17β-雌二醇(E2)和17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)的研究进展,介绍了其基本性质、用途、危害、环境中浓度和其迁移转化规律;指出为了阐明BPA、E2和EE2在环境中危害,有关其吸附、生物降解和光降解等迁移转化规律,及各迁移转化过程之间协同作用与相互影响的研究还有待于进一步深入.     

人工神经网络在强化一级处理系统过程模拟与优化中的应用

针对化学强化一级处理系统(CEPT)处理废水时影响因素多,难以进行适当的控制和处理效果的预测等问题,建立起基于BP人工神经网络的CEPT法处理猪场稳定塘废水预测模型,并应用该模型对烧杯试验进行了模拟.结果表明,预测值和实测值吻合较好,模型对COD、总磷、浊度去除率预测的平均相对误差分别为7.5%、4.8%和4.9%.通过对pH值和絮凝剂投药量等可控参数进行优化计算,得到CEPT系统的最佳操作条件和最合理操作条件.该模型的建立为CEPT法处理废水工艺系统实现自动化控制提供了一条简便实用的途径.     

Modification of chemical oxygen demand monitoring in the Yellow River, China, with a high content of sediments.

This paper presents a modification of chemical oxygen demand (COD) monitoring giving a better indication of the pollution level compared with the conventional COD method for rivers with a high content of sediments. The correlation between the sediment organic carbon and COD was investigated using sediments sampled in the middle Yellow River, China. Partitioning of the sediment organic carbon between the water and sediment phases was also investigated using batch experiments, with the sediment concentration varying from 20 to 400 g/L. As a result, the COD modification equations are proposed for both turbid water (mixture of water and sediment) and supematant water (filtrate using a 0.45-microm membrane). The modified COD in turbid water and supernatant water could be 40 and 10% less than the monitored COD values, respectively. These results may have a significant influence on the assessment of water quality class in the Yellow River.     

Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins-LR and -RR in a freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) from a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the subtropical China

Tissue distributions and seasonal dynamics of the hepatotoxic microcystins-LR and -RR in a freshwater snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) were studied monthly in a large shallow, eutrophic lake of the subtropical China during June-November, 2003. Microcystins (MCs) were quantitatively determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a qualitative analysis by a Finnigan LC-MS system. On the average of the study period, hepatopancreas was the highest in MC contents (mean 4.14 and range 1.06-7.42 microg g(-1)DW), followed by digestive tracts (mean 1.69 and range 0.8-4.54 microg g(-1)DW) and gonad (mean 0.715 and range 0-2.62 microg g(-1)DW), whereas foot was the least (mean 0.01 and range 0-0.06 microg g(-1)DW). There was a positive correlation in MC contents between digestive tracts and hepatopancreas. A constantly higher MC content in hepatopancreas than in digestive tracts indicates a substantial bioaccumulation of MCs in the hepatopancreas of the snail. The average ratio of MC-LR/MC-RR showed a steady increase from digestive tracts (0.44) to hepatopancreas (0.63) and to gonad (0.96), suggesting that MC-LR was more resistant to degradation in the snail. Since most MCs were present in the hepatopancreas, digestive tracts and gonad with only a very small amount in the edible foot, the risk to human health may not be significant if these toxic parts are removed prior to snail consumption. However, the possible transference of toxins along food chains should not be a negligible concern.     

Assessing copper thresholds for phytotoxicity and potential dietary toxicity in selected vegetable crops

Copper pollution in soils is widespread, and its accumulation in crop products could pose a risk on human health. In this paper, bioavailability of added copper (Cu) and critical Cu concentrations in a vegetable garden soil was evaluated for Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), and celery (Apiumg graveolens L. var. dulce DC) based on human dietary toxicity. The availability of added Cu in the soil decreased with incubation time, and had minimal change after 10-12 weeks. After incubated for 12 weeks, about 60% of added Cu was not extractable by DTPA. The same crops were also grown in sand culture to determine their responses to solution Cu. Shoot growth was significantly inhibited at Cu concentrations above 10 mg kg(-1) in the solution or above 150 mg kg(-1) (DTPA-Cu) in the soil. The sensitivity of the crops to Cu toxicity differed among the three vegetable crops. Copper concentration in shoots and edible parts varied with Cu supply levels and type of the vegetables. Negative correlations (r=-0.90-0.99**) were noted between Cu concentration in shoots and fresh matter yields, but Cu concentrations in the edible parts were positively correlated with available and total Cu in the soil (r=0.91-0.99**). The critical tissue Cu concentrations at 10% shoot DM reduction were 19.4, 5.5, 30.9 mg kg(-1) for Chinese cabbage, pakchoi, and celery, respectively. Based on the threshold of human dietary toxicity for Cu (10 mg kg(-1)), the critical concentrations of total and available Cu in the soil were 430 and 269 mg kg(-1) for pakchoi, 608 and 313 mg kg(-1) for celery, and 835 and 339 mg kg(-1) for Chinese cabbage, respectively.