锚网索梁支护技术在松软突出煤层巷道中的应用

针对渝阳煤矿松软破碎突出煤层的支护难点,计算设计了锚杆和锚索的长度、间排距、锚固长度及锚固力等参数,并在2810回风巷进行了锚网索梁联合支护试验,矿压监测结果表明,锚网索梁支护后巷道顶底移近量、两帮移近量和顶板离层量都远小于架棚支护巷道,锚杆和锚索的锚固力都达到了设计值。研究表明,锚网索梁支护方式能够应用于松软突出煤层,可提高煤巷围岩控制效果。     

An integrated chemical mass balance and source emission inventory model for the source apportionment of PM2.5 in typical coastal areas

The source apportionment of PM_2.5 is essential for pollution prevention. In view of the weaknesses of individual models, we proposed an integrated chemical mass balance-source emission inventory (CMB-SEI) model to acquire more accurate results. First, the SEI of secondary component precursors (SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, and VOCs) was compiled to acquire the emission ratios of these sources for the precursors. Then, a regular CMB simulation was executed to obtain the contributions of primary particle sources and secondary components (SO₄^2?, NO₃^-, NH₄⁺, and SOC). Afterwards, the contributions of secondary components were apportioned into primary sources according to the source emission ratios. The final source apportionment results combined the contributions of primary sources by CMB and SEI. This integrated approach was carried out via a case study of three coastal cities (Zhoushan, Taizhou, and Wenzhou; abbreviated WZ, TZ, and ZS) in Zhejiang Province, China. The regular CMB simulation results showed that PM_2.5 pollution was mainly affected by secondary components and mobile sources. The SEI results indicated that electricity, industrial production and mobile sources were the largest contributors to the emission of PM_2.5 gaseous precursors. The simulation results of the CMB-SEI model showed that PM_2.5 pollution in the coastal areas of Zhejiang Province presented complex pollution characteristics dominated by mobile sources, electricity production sources and industrial production sources. Compared to the results of the CMB and SEI models alone, the CMB-SEI model completely apportioned PM_2.5 to primary sources and simultaneously made the results more accurate and reliable in accordance with local industrial characteristics.     

Effect of intermittent aeration mode on nitrogen concentration in the water column and sediment pore water of aquaculture ponds

Nitrogen in pond sediments is a major water quality concern and can impact the productivity of aquaculture. Dissolved oxygen is an important factor for improving water quality and boosting fish growth in aquaculture ponds, and plays an important role in the conversion of ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) to nitrite-nitrogen (NO₂^?-N) and eventually nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃^?-N). A central goal of the study was to identify the best aeration method and strategy for improving water quality in aquaculture ponds. We conducted an experiment with six tanks, each with a different aeration mode to simulate the behavior of aquaculture ponds. The results show that a 36 hr aeration interval (T_c = 36 hr: 36 hr) and no aeration resulted in high concentrations of NH₄⁺-N in the water column. Using a 12 hr interval time (T_c = 12 hr: 12 hr) resulted in higher NO₂^?-N and NO₃^?-N concentrations than any other aeration mode. Results from an 8 hr interval time (T_c = 8 hr: 8 hr) and 24 hr interval time (T_c = 24 hr: 24 hr) were comparable with those of continuous aeration, and had the benefit of being in use for only half of the time, consequently reducing energy consumption.     

Characterization of VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in the Pearl River Delta of China

Speciated characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), from construction machinery and river ships in China is currently lacking. In this regard, we conducted field measurement on speciated VOC (including OVOC) emissions from six construction machinery and five river ships in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region to identify VOC emission characteristics. We noticed that OVOC emissions from construction machinery and ships accounted for more than 50% of the total VOC emissions, followed by alkenes, aromatics and alkanes. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most emission species, accounting for 61.8%-83.2% of OVOCs. For construction machinery, the fuel-based emission factors of roller, grader and pile driver were 3.12, 3.12 and 7.36 g/kg, respectively. With the rigorous restraint by the national emission standards, VOC emissions of construction machinery had decreased considerably, especially during stage Ⅲ. Ozone formation potential was also significantly reduced due to the significant decrease in emissions of OVOCs and alkenes with higher reactivity. For river ships, the fuel-based emission factors of cargo ships and speedboat were 1.46 and 0.44 g/kg, respectively. VOC emissions from construction machinery and river ships in Guangdong Province in 2017 were 8851.0 and 4361.0 ton, respectively. This study filled the knowledge gaps of reactive gas emissions from different kinds of non-road mobile sources over the PRD, and more importantly, highlighted the necessity in adding OVOC measurement to give a complete and accurate depiction of reactive gas emissions from non-road mobile sources.     

改性活性炭对内分泌干扰物的吸附效能与机制

为提高活性炭对内分泌干扰物的吸附效率,分别采用混合酸溶液,氨水,KMnO₄溶液和表面活性剂溶液对活性炭进行改性.采用比表面积及孔隙度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）和Boehm滴定法对改性后活性炭表面化学性质及孔隙特征的变化进行评价.通过静态吸附实验确定活性炭的最佳改性方法,并对改性后活性炭吸附机理进行探讨.实验结果表明,KMnO₄改性活性炭（AC-K）表现出最佳的污染物吸附性能,其对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、阿特拉津（Atrazine）和磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ）的去除率分别可达到94.5%、93.8%和95.5%,且吸附过程符合二级动力学方程和D-R模型.由模型计算结果可知,AC-K对目标污染物的吸附速率明显加快,其中对Atrazine的二级吸附速率常数是AC的1.75倍.AC-K对DBP、Atrazine和SMZ的理论饱和吸附量也分别比改性前分别提高了42.2%、629%和122%.经KMnO₄改性后,活性炭的吸附机制由物理吸附占主导,转化为离子交换吸附.     

广州城区黑碳气溶胶吸光增强特性研究

本研究运用最小相关系数法（MRS）,使用元素碳（EC）作为示踪物,得到一次排放的质量吸光效率（MAE_p）,结合黑碳仪（AE33）和有机碳/元素碳分析仪获得实测的质量吸光效率MAE_t,进而通过MAE_t/MAE_p的比值得出吸光增强系数（E_abs）.采样站点位于广州市城区暨南大学大气超级监测站,采样时间涵盖了干季（2019年1月26日~3月31日）和湿季（2018年5月1日~7月31日）.对广州市城区的黑碳气溶胶及其光学特征进行分析,EC在干季的平均浓度（1.93±1.38）μgC/m³高于湿季（1.46±0.75）μgC/m³,而E_abs520在干季的均值（1.26±0.34）低于湿季（1.63±0.55）.E_abs520在干湿季的日变化差异明显,但有机碳（OC）、EC、OC/EC、波长指数（AAE_470-660）均为干季高于湿季.分析发现气溶胶负载补偿参数k值与E_abs520在湿季呈现出较好的相关性,而在干季相关性较差,可能与生物质燃烧的影响有关;探讨了O₃、NO₂和SOC/OC对E_abs520的影响,在干季O₃与E_abs520的相关性较差（R²=0.21）,在湿季较好（R²=0.46）,SOC/OC却展现出了相反的关系,而NO₂在干季和湿季与E_abs520的相关性都较差（R²=0.01）,并发现温度对E_abs520存在一定的影响.通过后向轨迹聚类分析发现,长距离传输气团的的黑碳E_abs520值较高.     

嘉兴夏季臭氧污染的近地层垂直变化特征

基于2018年浙江省嘉兴市14个环境国控站点的O₃历史资料与气象要素,研究O₃与气象要素的关系,并结合差分吸收臭氧雷达的垂直臭氧探测资料,分析近地层O₃廓线变化特征.结果表明,嘉兴地区发生高浓度O₃污染的关键气象要素为24~36℃的大气温度和36%~77%的相对湿度,24℃以上的大气温度与77%以下的相对湿度可作为启动预警O₃污染的气象指标.差分吸收臭氧雷达监测结果显示,无论O₃超标天与清洁天,在垂直方向上其浓度随高度先升后降,在600~800m范围出现峰值;O₃污染时段,在中午到午后低空形成持续向下的O₃输送带,这种低空O₃与地表O₃的叠加机制加重地表O₃污染程度,导致地表O₃超标与低空高浓度相伴出现;其廓线日变化规律表现出800m以下浓度在夜间和凌晨梯度不显著,日出后近地层O₃随时间快速增加,中午和午后持续高值,傍晚随时间逐渐下降的特征.后向轨迹分析表明,10,500,1000m高度层的气流后向轨迹聚类有相似性,500m处沿闽浙海岸线的轨迹簇对应O₃较10m处来自海上的轨迹簇高,这与500m处前体物输送堆积和紫外线辐射增强有关.污染过程近地层气流来向紧贴地面,但中高层有明显下沉气流使得O₃前体物在500m附近堆积,是造成2个典型污染过程中垂直方向上O₃高值出现在500m左右的原因之一.     

曝气-电解生态浮床的净化效果与机理分析

为强化生态浮床对重污染河道水体的净化能力,采用曝气-电解生态浮床联合技术增强生态浮床的净化功能.试验考察了电流密度、曝气量和处理时间对模拟的高氮磷重污染水体的净化潜力,分析了电解反应对填料细菌群落结构组成和浮床水生植物黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus）生长的影响.结果表明：在进水NH₃-N浓度为10 mg·L^-1,PO₄^3--P浓度为0.8 mg·L^-1,电流密度为0.74 mA·cm^-2,水力停留时间为3 d的条件下,相比于电解生态浮床和传统的生态浮床,曝气-电解生态浮床有利于水体中NH₃-N的去除（p<0.001）,其NH₃-N浓度下降至（0.92±0.24）mg·L^-1,而电解生态浮床处理的水体NH₃-N浓度为（6.85±0.17）mg·L^-1,传统生态浮床处理水体中NH₃-N浓度高达（8.09±0.40）mg·L^-1,曝气促进了水体中NH₃-N向NO₂^--N和NO₃^--N的转化.电解有利于水体中PO₄^3--P的去除,电解生态浮床处理水体中的PO₄^3--P浓度下降至（0.43±0.02）mg·L^-1,曝气-电解生态浮床处理的水体中PO₄^3--P下降至（0.46±0.02）mg·L^-1,可见,电解促进了PO₄^3--P的去除.从对I.pseudacorus生理生化指标变化分析可知,曝气有利于减弱电解反应对I.pseudacorus的损伤;对基质生物膜的16S rDNA分析可知,电解反应增加了浮床基质中自养反硝化微生物数量.因此,曝气-电解生态浮床是一种有效的净化重污染水体的方法.     

基于大数据分析的杭州市农业源高分辨率氨排放清单研究

基于实地调查并辅以统计的方法获得大数据,采用排放因子法,估算了杭州市2015年农业源氨排放清单,并选取经纬度坐标、土地类型和人口等数据作为权重因子,建立1 km×1 km高精度网格化空间分布,研究了该地区农业排放源氨排放空间分布特征.结果表明:杭州市2015年农业源NH3排放总量为54787.9 t,其中畜禽养殖和农田种植是最主要的氨排放来源,分别占农业源总排放量的86.7%和12.8%.在畜禽养殖各主要环节的氨排放过程中,圈舍固态粪便的氨排放贡献量最大,占总氨排放量的52.8%;其次是存储固态,占总氨排放量的35.1%.氮肥施用主要集中在萧山区、建德市、临安市和余杭区.秸秆堆肥和秸秆焚烧与秸秆综合利用率高低密切相关,两者氨排放量占有率不高,占杭州市农业源氨排放总量的1%以下.     

成都市文娱区表层土壤重金属健康风险评价

为研究成都人口密集的文娱区表层土壤的重金属污染情况以及重金属人体健康风险,采集并分析了川大望江校区、八宝广场、沙河驷马桥段、人民公园和春熙路30个表层土样中Cd、Zn、Cu和Pb元素的含量,并通过内梅罗综合污染指数法和健康风险评价法对重金属污染水平及人体健康风险进行了评价。结果发现,与土壤背景值相比重金属Pb的浓度较高（高出背景值的1~2倍）;综合指数显示除人民公园表土重金属达到中度污染外,其余各区处于轻度污染。在健康风险方面,文娱区表层土中这四种重金属尚不能对人体造成非致癌健康风险;但无论儿童还是成人,由Cd可导致的致癌风险已不能忽视。因此,应将Cd作为成都市土壤重金属污染防控工作中优先控制的重金属。