Chronic exposure to contaminated drinking water stimulates PPAR expression in mice livers

Mice were fed with source water (SW) and tap water (TW) for 90 d to evaluate hepatotoxicity induced by the drinking water. Histopathologic observation showed no obvious damage to hepatic tissue in the SW and TW groups. However, microarray analysis indicated that the SW and TW exposures affected many metabolic pathways, among which PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) signaling was most susceptible. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that both PPAR-α and PPAR-γ were significantly increased in the exposure groups compared to control. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that PPAR-α expression level was increased from 23.37±0.53 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 26.60±1.43 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 27.68±1.10 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). For PPAR-γ, the expression level was also significantly enhanced from 0.83±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in control group to 1.11±0.20 ng g(-1) liver weight in SW group and 1.16±0.07 ng g(-1) liver weight in TW group (p<0.05). The SW and DW posed no obvious hepatotoxicity on mice and PPAR-α/-γ could be used as a novel biomarker to assess public health risk induced by slightly contaminated drinking water.     

微囊化生物流化床处理邻二氯苯废水

采用海藻酸钠—壳聚糖—活性炭(SA-CA-PAC)生物微胶囊包埋优势降解菌用于生物流化床处理邻二氯苯废水。比较了微囊化菌和悬浮菌对废水的降解效果,同时考察了初始浓度、接种量、pH值、温度和曝气量对降解率的影响。结果表明,微囊化菌比悬浮菌拥有更适宜的生长环境,具有更好的pH稳定性和热稳定性。微囊化菌的降解效果优于悬浮菌,处理150 mg/L的邻二氯苯废水的最佳接种量为10%,最适pH为7.5,最适温度为30℃。     

Fenton氧化/高浓度泥浆法处理矿山废水

为了解决某大型铜矿废水COD不达标问题,采用Fenton氧化对原有高浓度泥浆（HDS）工艺进行改进。探讨了Fenton氧化矿山废水各指标的去除效果以及H₂O₂浓度对出水COD去除效果的影响,结果表明,Fenton氧化-电石乳中和絮凝沉淀工艺处理矿山废水是可行的,最优实验条件为：pH稳定在3.0～4.5,H₂O₂投加量0.5 mL/L,电石乳投加量8.5 g/L,PAM投加量1.5 mg/L;系统对废水COD的去除机理是加入的H₂O₂和矿山酸性废水中的Fe²⁺离子在低pH下形成Fenton试剂;系统对TFe、Zn²⁺、Cu2+ 的去除效果比Mn²⁺的去除效果更稳定。     

基于主成分分析法的辽河水体中溶解性金属来源分析

在测定辽河水体中几种主要的溶解性金属(包括7种重金属)的含量和分析其空间分布特征的基础上,运用主成分分析(PCA)法分析了金属的可能来源。结果表明,辽河水体中溶解性金属的平均浓度为Al>Cu>Zn>Cr>Hg>As>Pb>Cd,与欧美发达国家的主要水体相比,辽河水体的金属污染状况总体较重;辽河水体中溶解性金属的污染来源主要分两类:农业面源和工业废水污染源,工业综合污染源;根据主成分得分系数可知,采样点2(通江口)、3(三合屯)、7(朱尔山)的金属污染主要来源于农业面源和工业废水污染源;采样点6(药王庙)的金属污染主要来源于工业综合污染源;基于PCA法的金属来源分析对辽河流域水体金属污染治理对策的制定有着重要的指导意义。     

Bioaccumulation, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are extensively used as a class of flame retardants and have become ubiquitous environmental pollutants. Significant biotransformation of some PBDEs via reductive debromination has been observed. However, little is known about the fate of lower brominated BDEs in fish. In this study, the tissue distribution, excretion, depuration and biotransformation of 4,4′-dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) were investigated in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) which were exposed to spiked water solution at different concentrations for 50 d, followed by a 14-d depuration period. Bioaccumulation parameters were calculated and the results showed that BDE 15 was mainly concentrated in the gill and liver. In particular, five biotransformation products of BDE 15 in carp were identified using GC-MS/MS. Besides two debrominated metabolites, three of the metabolites were mono-OH-BDE 15, diOH-BDE 15 and bromophenol. Our results unequivocally suggested that BDE 15 oxidation did occur via the formation of hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites in crucian carp exposed in vivo. These findings will be useful for determination of the metabolic pathways of PBDEs in freshwater fish, especially about their oxidation metabolism.     

Cr(VI) uptake mechanism of Bacillus cereus

In this study, we investigated the Cr(VI) uptake mechanism in an indigenous Cr(VI)-tolerant bacterial strain -Bacillus cereus through batch and microscopic experiments. We found that both the cells and the supernatant collected from B. cereus cultivation could reduce Cr(VI). The valence state analysis revealed the complete transformation from Cr(VI) into Cr(III) by living B. cereus. Further X-ray absorption fine structure and Fourier transform infrared analyses showed that the reduced Cr(III) was coordinated with carboxyl and amido functional groups from either the cells or supernatant. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy observation showed that noticeable Cr(III) precipitates were accumulated on bacterial surfaces. However, Cr(III) could also be detected in bacterial inner portions by using transmission electron microscopy thin section analysis coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Through quantitative analysis of chromium distribution, we determined the binding ratio of Cr(III) in supernatant, cell debris and cytoplasm as 22%, 54% and 24%, respectively. Finally, we further discussed the role of bacterium-origin soluble organic molecules to the remediation of Cr(VI) pollutants.     

O3/H2O2法去除浮选药剂丁基黄药

采用O3/H2O2法去除水中丁基黄药,考察了H2O2/O3摩尔比、pH值、丁基黄药初始浓度、温度和自由基抑制剂对丁基黄药的去除效果的影响。结果表明,在相同O3投加量下,H2O2量越大,丁基黄药去除率越高。pH值为7～9,温度在293～303 K的范围内,O3/H2O2对丁基黄药都有很高的去除率。碳酸氢根和叔丁醇能在一定程度上降低丁基黄药的降解效率。研究还发现,在O3和H2O2投加量相同的条件下,H2O2多次投加对水中丁基黄药的处理效果明显优于一次性投加。GC/MS分析表明,O3/H2O2氧化丁基黄药氧化产物为羧酸类物质。     

用于CO2捕集的Mg（OH）2粉末溶解速率

氢氧化镁是一种正在研究的用于脱除烟气中低浓度CO2的化学吸收剂。为了掌握工业用氢氧化镁粉末的溶解速率,利用缓冲溶液,在不改变溶液体积的情况下对不同悬浊液浓度、溶液温度、溶液pH值和搅拌速率情况下的氢氧化镁粉末溶解速率进行了研究。提高悬浊液浓度、提高溶液温度、降低溶液pH值和提高搅拌速率均能增大氢氧化镁的溶解速率。悬浊液浓度从0.1 mol/L增加到1 mol/L时,溶解速率增大了2.2倍;温度从23℃增加到52℃时,溶解速率增大了4.3～9.5倍;pH值从9.8降低到6.6时,溶解速率增大了78～225倍;搅拌速率从350 r/min增加到700 r/min时,溶解速率增大了1～2倍。     

植物-微生物联合修复石油-重金属复合污染土壤的研究

植物及微生物联合修复石油-重金属复合污染土壤具有很大的潜力。但重金属以不同形态存在关系到石油-重金属复合污染土壤生物修复过程中,植物、微生物的修复效率以及是否需要增加辅助工程解决重金属污染等问题,因此石油-重金属复合污染土壤修复过程中就必须考虑重金属有效态及形态的变化特征。     

环境规制会影响产业集中度吗?:一个经验研究

作为刻画产业结构的重要指标之一——产业集中度,一直受到国内外学者的广泛重视,但鲜见有学者研究环境规制会对产业集中度带来何种影响。为了对此进行研究,本文以我国工业部门1996-2006年的数据为样本,首先计算出产业集中度(CR4和CR8)水平,并运用面板数据分析方法,在控制相关变量的基础上,研究了环境规制对产业集中度带来的影响,得到以下结论:(1)在不考虑其他控制变量时,环境规制变量对产业集中度产生不显著的正向促进作用,但随着控制变量的逐步引入,环境规制变量的显著性水平逐步提高,模型总体拟合效果趋于优化;(2)同时,进入退出壁垒、利润率水平、经济干预政策和规模经济程度四个控制变量也会对产业集中度产生显著的正向推动作用。因此,适度强化环境规制水平,不仅有利于保护环境,优化资源配置,淘汰落后产能,解决结构性产能过剩,而且有利于提升产业集中度,增强我国企业在国际上的竞争力。