Effect of organic compositions of aerobically pretreated municipal solid waste on non-methane organic compound emissions during anaerobic degradation

Odor pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment plants has become a growing public concern. Although aerobic pretreatment of MSW has advantages in accelerating landfill stabilization, the property of non-methane organic compound (NMOC) emissions from aerobically pretreated MSW (APMSW) during landfilling is unknown. To investigate NMOC emissions from anaerobic degradation of APMSW and to study the impact of organic compositions of APMSW and their decomposition stages, five simulative anaerobic bioreactors (R1-R5) were filled up with APMSW of different original organic compositions in a laboratory. For NMOC analysis, samples were collected from the gas that accumulated separately during two successive independent stages of the whole experiment. The results showed that the cumulative quantities of NMOCs from R1 to R5 were 1.11, 0.30, 0.18, 0.28, and 0.31 mg/kg DM, respectively, when volatile solid was degraded by 34.8-47.2%. As the organic content of the original waste was lower, the proportion of NMOCs generated in the early stage of anaerobic degradation became higher. Multiple linear regression analyses of the relationship between the quantities of degraded organics and generated NMOCs showed that lipid and protein have a strong effect on NMOC amount. The effect of lipid on NMOC quantity lasts longer than that of protein. This observation suggests that controlling the lipid and protein contents in MSW can reduce the odor from landfills.     

层次分析法在生活垃圾处置方案优选中的应用

对于如城市生活垃圾处置技术方案优选这类多目标、多方案决策问题,特别是在决策缺乏充分的信息支持前提时,AHP分析法的若干特点,显示其作为一种系统工程的理论工具具有一定的客观性、准确性和有效性,是一种简易而且可行的理论方法和手段。通过以某经济开发区生活垃圾处置方案的优选为例进行了探讨。     

新型高级氧化技术处理硫化染料废水的研究进展

综述了各种用于硫化染料废水的新型高级氧化技术,包括电化学氧化法、E-peroxone氧化法、类Fenton试剂氧化法、光催化氧化法、光催化与膜分离耦合法和光催化燃料电池法。分析了各种高级氧化技术的主要影响因素,并指出各种方法的优势与不足,对高级氧化技术的发展方向提出了展望,为今后硫化染料废水的综合治理提供了技术指导。     

利用含油碳酸钙污泥制备橡胶填充剂

本文以中原油田含油碳酸钙污泥为研究对象,根据高分子理论化学和橡胶工程理论,论证了油田含油碳酸钙污泥开发含油橡胶填充剂的理论基础。经粉体加工,将含油碳酸钙污泥制备成实验用橡胶填充剂。通过橡胶工程实验及产品测试,结果表明,与正在使用的普通碳酸钙和纳米碳酸钙填充剂相比,含油碳酸钙污泥制备的填充剂对橡胶制品的性能没有明显的影响;在分散性、橡胶网状分子的交联性、磨耗、回弹性等方面,较普通碳酸钙和纳米碳酸钙的填充效果稍优。     

内蒙古流沙山金(钼)矿床地质特征及矿床类型的划分

流沙山矿床是近年来在内蒙古西部发现的一处金 (钼 )矿床。金 (钼 )矿化主要在海西期花岗闪长岩内呈大脉细脉和线脉产出 ,其空间展布形态受一系列环状断裂带控制。金 (钼 )矿体多为环状到半环状透镜体 ,局部地段为扁豆群和楔状体。矿石的金属矿物有辉钼矿、白钨矿、辉铋矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿、钼钙矿、自然金和银金矿。脉石矿物有石英、钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和角闪石 ,其中辉钼矿Re Os同位素等时线年龄为 (2 6 0±10 )× 10 6a。矿体的围岩蚀变主要有硅化和钾化 (钾长石化和绢云母化 ) ,次为绢英岩化和青盘岩化。本文重点研究了与矿化有关的花岗岩类岩相学和岩石化学 ,阐述了金 (钼 )矿床的矿化特征 ,划分了矿床的蚀变分带。在对比流沙山金 (钼 )矿床与国内外经典性斑岩型金属矿床主要特征的基础上 ,将流沙山 (钼 )矿床确定为深成岩型斑岩金 (钼 )矿床     

河鲈锚首吸虫及其宿主鳜鱼组织器官中铅含量的比较

利用原子吸收分光光度计分析了寄生鳜鱼（Sinipercachuatsi）鳃部的河鲈锚首吸虫（Ancyrocephalusmogurndae）及其宿主组织器官,包括肌肉、鳃、头肾和肝脏的铅含量.结果表明,来自三湖连江水库和牛山湖两个采样点的河鲈锚首吸虫的铅含量都显著地高于其宿主组织器官中的铅含量.在所检测的宿主组织器官中,肝脏的铅含量最高,在两个采样点分别为0.138和0.114μg/g（湿重）.河鲈锚首吸虫富集铅的机理及其较高水平铅含量的特点是否与其体外寄生的特性有关,尚有待于进一步研究.     

废电池的环境污染及资源化价值分析

分析了各类废电池的资源化,安再生利用价值由高到低顺序依次为铅酸蓄电池、镍镉、镍氢电池、普通干电池。电池中含有的主要污染物质包括重金属以及酸、碱等电解质溶液。对环境和人体健康危害较大的废电池类别主要为：（1）含汞电池，指氧化汞电池，部分汞含量较高的锌锰和碱锰干电池；（2）铅酸蓄电池；（3）含镉电池，主要是Ni-Cd电池。废电池中化学物质释放进入环境过程是在电池包壳破损后发生的，或者是电池包壳本身发生浸蚀作用。普通家用干电池中的污染物质大多呈固态，由电池内部迁移到环境中是一种缓慢的过程。文中还分析了废电池污染环境的主要途径、采用各种不同处理、处置方式管理废电池可能引起的环境污染。     

挥发性有机硫化合物释放及对全球环境的影响

介绍了几种挥发性有机硫化合物：甲硫醚（DMS）、羰基硫（COS）、甲硫醇（MSH或CH3SH）、二硫化碳（CS2）和二甲基二硫（DMDS)从各种自然源（主要是生物源）释放的情况，并论述了有机硫气体释放对全球环境和气候的影响。着重阐述了在海洋、陆地生态系统中，各种生物硫源的释放情况和有机硫气体的迁移、转化规律。讨论了大气中痕量有机硫气体的分析方法，并提出一些建议。     

珠江入海河口经济鱼类重金属含量分析

1999年5－6月和10－11月对珠江三角洲虎门、蕉门、磨刀门3大入海河口的经济鱼类肌肉中重金属残留水平进行了调查分析，结果表明在采集的24个种类鱼样中，Zn、Pb、As3种重金属含量分别为5.789mg/kg、0.987mg/kg、0.207mg/kg，超标率分别为45％、50％、44％。在3大入海口采集的鱼样中，肌肉内重金属含量经方差分析表明，各地点无显著差异，与80年代河口鱼类肌肉重金属含量相比，Zn、Pb、Cr含量有显著差异。     

A highly porous animal bone-derived char with a superiority of promoting nZVI for Cr(VI) sequestration in agricultural soils

Paddy soil and irrigation water are commonly contaminated with hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] near urban industrial areas, thereby threatening the safety of agricultural products and human health. In this study, we develop a porous and high specific area bone char (BC) to support nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and apply it to remediate Cr(VI) pollution in water and paddy soil under anaerobic conditions. The batch experiments reveal that BC/nZVI exhibits a higher removal capacity of 516.7 mg/(g?nZVI) for Cr(VI) than nZVI when normalized to the actual nZVI content, which is 2.8 times that of nZVI; moreover, the highest nZVI utilization is the nZVI loading of 15% (BC/nZVI15). The Cr(VI) removal efficiency of BC/nZVI15 decreases with increasing pH (4 – 10). Coexisting ions (phosphate and carbonate) and humic acid can inhibit the removal of Cr(VI) with BC/nZVI15. Additionally, BC exhibits a strong advantage in promoting Cr(VI) removal by nZVI compared to the widely used biochar and activated carbon. Our results demonstrate that reduction and coprecipitation are the dominant Cr(VI) removal mechanisms. Furthermore, BC/nZVI15 shows a significantly higher reduction and removal efficiency as well as a strong anti-interference ability for Cr(VI) in paddy soil, as compared to nZVI. These findings provide a new effective material for remediating Cr(VI) pollution from water and soil.