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111.
Nigel N. Clark David L. McKain Jr. Terence S. Higgins 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2021,71(1):3-22
ABSTRACT Emissions levels from current gasoline spark-ignited engines are low, and emissions changes associated with the blending of ethanol into gasoline are small and difficult to quantify. Addition of ethanol, with a high blending octane number, allows a reduction in aromatics in market gasoline. Blending behavior of ethanol is nonlinear, altering the distillation curve, including the 50% temperature point, T50. Increase in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology in the fleet challenges ability of older models based on port fuel injection (PFI) results to predict the overall air quality impact of ethanol blending. Five different models derived from data collected through U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Policy Act (EPAct) programs were used to predict LA92 Phase 1 particulate matter (PM) emissions for summer regular (SR) E0 (gasoline with 0% ethanol by volume), E10 (gasoline with 10% ethanol) and E15 (gasoline with 15% ethanol). Substantial reductions of PM for E10 and E15 relative to E0 were predicted when aromatics were displaced by ethanol to maintain octane rating. SR E0 and E10 were also matched to linear combinations of EPAct fuels and results showed a 35% PM reduction for SR E10 relative to SR E0. For GDI vehicles the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) E-94-3 study found that E10 had 23% or 29% PM increase. However, CRC E-129 found an E10 PM reduction of 10% when one E0 fuel and its splash blended (SB) E10 were compared. Both CRC project E-129 SB data and fuel triplets selected from the EPAct study showed variation for E15 emissions, although E-129 suggests that E15 in GDI offers about a 25% reduction of PM with respect to E0. Overall, data suggest that ethanol blending offers a modest to a substantial reduction of cold-start PM mass if aromatic levels of the finished products are reduced in response to ethanol addition. Implications: Studies of exhaust emissions effects of ethanol blending with gasoline vary in conclusions. Blending properties are nonlinear. Modeling of real-world emissions effects must consider all fuel composition adjustments and property changes associated with ethanol addition. Aromatics are reduced in E10 or E15, compared with E0, and distillation changes. PFI-derived models show reductions in cold-start PM for expected average E10 versus E0 pump fuel, due to reduced aromatic content. Relative emissions effects from older technology (PFI) engines do not predict newer engine (GDI) results reliably, but recent GDI data show reduced cold-start PM when ethanol displaces aromatics. 相似文献
112.
Nigel H. Richardson M.C.I.P. 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1998,49(2-3):191-193
Responsibilities for the management of Canada's land (in the sense, approximately, of biophysical environment) are currently fragmented among a multitude of government agencies, a state of affairs that will at best seriously hamper an adequate response to the profound long-term consequences of atmospheric change. The solution must be a coordinated division of labour within a dual framework of common policies and ecologically-based geographic units. On a small scale, a number of models are already functioning in Canada. 相似文献
113.
Matthew A. Leach Ausilio Bauen Nigel J. D. Lucas 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1997,40(6):705-724
This study develops a modelling framework within which the effects of technology choice and policy on the sustainability of cities may be assessed. A life cycle accounting system for environmental impacts is combined with systems analysis, to represent the flows of resources into cities, the wastes and pollution generated and the technological choices available in an urban environment. The approach is demonstrated through a case study of the demand for paper and management of wastepaper. The case study questions the applicability for paper of the accepted 'hierarchy' of waste management techniques; incineration imposes lower environmental costs than recycling, and consequently lower total costs under some circumstances. 相似文献
114.
Martin B. Delatycki Fowzan Alkuraya Alison Archibald Carlo Castellani Martina Cornel Wayne W. Grody Lidewij Henneman Adonis S. Ioannides Edwin Kirk Nigel Laing Anneke Lucassen John Massie Juliette Schuurmans Meow-Keong Thong Irene van Langen Joël Zlotogora 《黑龙江环境通报》2020,40(3):301-310
Reproductive carrier screening started in some countries in the 1970s for hemoglobinopathies and Tay-Sachs disease. Cystic fibrosis carrier screening became possible in the late 1980s and with technical advances, screening of an ever increasing number of genes has become possible. The goal of carrier screening is to inform people about their risk of having children with autosomal recessive and X-linked recessive disorders, to allow for informed decision making about reproductive options. The consequence may be a decrease in the birth prevalence of these conditions, which has occurred in several countries for some conditions. Different programs target different groups (high school, premarital, couples before conception, couples attending fertility clinics, and pregnant women) as does the governance structure (public health initiative and user pays). Ancestry-based offers of screening are being replaced by expanded carrier screening panels with multiple genes that is independent of ancestry. This review describes screening in Australia, Cyprus, Israel, Italy, Malaysia, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It provides an insight into the enormous variability in how reproductive carrier screening is offered across the globe. This largely relates to geographical variation in carrier frequencies of genetic conditions and local health care, financial, cultural, and religious factors. 相似文献
115.
The Peto test is the standard method of analysis used in carcinogenicity studies to compare tumor incidence in groups of animals. It assumes that tumors are either instantly fatal or have no effect on mortality and requires a judgement of the lethality of each tumor. To avoid this requirement, parametric multi-state models have been proposed. In addition these allow estimation of tumor onset and mortality rates. This paper considers two such models and presents a modification. It is shown that the modified models provide a better fit to carcinogenicity data and simulated data are used to show that the modified models provide a modest increase in test power relative to the Peto test. 相似文献
116.
Martin D’Agostino Nigel Cook David Rodriguez-Lazaro Saskia Rutjes 《Food and environmental virology》2011,3(2):55-60
The most effective methods for virus detection in food and environmental samples are those based on nucleic acid amplification.
Complex methods must be applied by the analyst in order to control for false negative results of virus detection assays in
those samples that may be contaminated by virus concentrations above the detection level. The verification of analytical results
is a necessity and this depends on using an appropriate suite of controls to monitor the efficacy of the critical steps in
the method and allow correct result interpretations to be made. We describe the suite of controls necessary for analysing
food and environmental samples for the presence of enteric viruses by nucleic acid amplification-based methods. To exclude
false negative and positive interpretations of results, the inclusion of this suite of controls will be essential when considering
incorporating monitoring of viruses in food or environmental safety management plans. 相似文献
117.
118.
Nigel Curry 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1992,35(1):79-91
Countryside strategies, particularly for nature conservation, are part of a growth in non‐statutory strategic planning. They are largely integrative, and set the context for, and are able to cover subjects normally beyond the scope of, statutory development plans. Specifically for nature conservation, this paper summarizes the limitations of policies in structure plans and reviews four countryside strategies to assess the extent to which they overcome these limitations. Whilst providing a renewed focus for nature conservation, such strategies lack information and guidance in assisting plan formulation, are not accountable, have problems in their adoptability and lack the resources for implementation. 相似文献
119.
Curry N 《Journal of environmental management》2002,64(4):423-435
Access opportunities for outdoor recreation in New Zealand and England and Wales are classified according to their conformity with collective, citizenship or exclusion rights and their degrees of permanence. Alternative criteria for the apportionment of access rights are considered in the context of this classification. Different criteria for rights apportionment are found to be appropriate according to different circumstances in the context of pluralist provision. Policy developments in New Zealand are compared with those in England. After 150 years of a dominance of collective rights in New Zealand current policy is shifting provision towards exclusionary rights. In England, there is a policy shift in the other direction, towards collective rights. Lessons for the development of collective rights in England are drawn from the New Zealand experience in relation to styles of governance, public preferences, public cost, insurance liability and the potential of markets. 相似文献
120.
Eco-efficiency has emerged as a management response to waste issues associated with current production processes. Despite the popularity of the term in both business and government circles, limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting eco-efficiency to government policy makers. Aggregate measures of eco-efficiency are needed, to complement existing measures and to help highlight important patterns in eco-efficiency data.This paper aims to develop aggregate measures of eco-efficiency for use by policy makers. Specifically, this paper provides a unique analysis by applying principal components analysis (PCA) to eco-efficiency indicators in New Zealand.The study reveals that New Zealand's overall eco-efficiency improved for two out of the five aggregate measures over the period 1994/1995–1997/1998. The worsening of the other aggregate measures reflects, among other things, the relatively poor performance of the primary production and related processing sectors. These results show PCA is an effective approach for aggregating eco-efficiency indicators and assisting decision makers by reducing redundancy in an eco-efficiency indicators matrix. 相似文献