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91.
Diversity trends in Neogene European ungulates and rodents: large-scale comparisons and perspectives
The ungulate and rodent fossil records are often used independently to understand mammalian evolutionary history. Few studies
have directly compared both records over long time periods and large geographic areas. Here, we compiled two datasets of European
fossil localities containing rodents and/or ungulates over 20 My (Early Miocene–Early Pliocene) and processed the data with
the same methodology. We counted the raw diversity and calculated a measure of evenness (Pielou’s index). After controlling
for potential biases on diversity estimators, we identify the evenness index as a more reliable estimator bringing interesting
insights into the way both mammal groups are structured by biotic or abiotic factors. In this study, we consider that an uneven
distribution of the species richness among families, when only some families successfully diversify within the “continental-scale
community”, represents a lower adaptability of this community to the environmental context. Pielou’s index is used to estimate
this adaptability through time. The responses of ungulates and rodents to environmental changes are very divergent, especially
facing the climatic changes known since the Middle Miocene. The general patterns suggest that rodent broad-scale assemblages
are affected by all kinds of perturbations, even short biotic and abiotic events, but show a better adaptability when facing
long-term abiotic changes. Unlike rodents, the ungulate assemblages show more stability in periods of relative environmental
stability but show less adaptability to long-term climatic changes. Life-history traits of mammals can help explain patterns
of diversity and biogeography at different spatial scales and may probably partly explain the opposite patterns evidenced
here. 相似文献
92.
Alain Dejean Céline Leroy Bruno Corbara Régis Céréghino Olivier Roux Bruno Hérault Vivien Rossi Roberto J. Guerrero Jacques H. C. Delabie Jérôme Orivel Raphaël Boulay 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2010,97(10):925-934
Myrmecophytes offer plant-ants a nesting place in exchange for protection from their enemies, particularly defoliators. These obligate ant–plant mutualisms are common model systems for studying factors that allow horizontally transmitted mutualisms to persist since parasites of ant–myrmecophyte mutualisms exploit the rewards provided by host plants whilst providing no protection in return. In pioneer formations in French Guiana, Azteca alfari and Azteca ovaticeps are known to be mutualists of myrmecophytic Cecropia (Cecropia ants). Here, we show that Azteca andreae, whose colonies build carton nests on myrmecophytic Cecropia, is not a parasite of Azteca–Cecropia mutualisms nor is it a temporary social parasite of A. alfari; it is, however, a temporary social parasite of A. ovaticeps. Contrarily to the two mutualistic Azteca species that are only occasional predators feeding mostly on hemipteran honeydew and food bodies provided by the host trees, A. andreae workers, which also attend hemipterans, do not exploit the food bodies. Rather, they employ an effective hunting technique where the leaf margins are fringed with ambushing workers, waiting for insects to alight. As a result, the host trees’ fitness is not affected as A. andreae colonies protect their foliage better than do mutualistic Azteca species resulting in greater fruit production. Yet, contrarily to mutualistic Azteca, when host tree development does not keep pace with colony growth, A. andreae workers forage on surrounding plants; the colonies can even move to a non-Cecropia tree. 相似文献
93.
Glucocorticosteroids (GCs) of the hypothalam–pituitary–adrenal axis play a role in association with both stressful events
and daily life processes. However, relatively little is known about the role of GCs in relation to daily and seasonal life
processes in animals in the wild. In this paper, we present data on basal levels of plasma corticosterone CORT in chicks of
a pelagic seabird, the thin-billed prion, Pachyptila belcheri, during two predictable changes in demands, the daily activity pattern and the preparation for fledging. By comparing chicks
fed recently with unfed chicks, we test how GC levels are modified according to nutritional condition. In accordance with
their nocturnal feeding rhythm, chicks had a clear daily rhythm with increased CORT secretion at night, but CORT levels during
the active phase were also highly elevated in unfed chicks compared with fed chicks. Close to fledging, chicks rapidly increased
basal CORT levels, and again unfed chicks had higher levels than fed chicks, although the age effect here was stronger than
the effect of recent feeding. The present data thus support the hypothesis that GC levels are adjusted to life stages with
predictable changes in demands, but food availability and/or internal energy stores also affect the level to which GCs increase. 相似文献
94.
利用薄膜扩散技术(DGT)原位富集天然水体中的甲基汞,溶剂洗脱后进入水相连行乙基化反应,与气相色谱(GC)联用,冷原子荧光光谱法(CVAFS)测定.实验结果显示,26"(3条件下在超纯水中放置24 h,典型DGT单元的最低检出限为0.014 ng/L;延长放置时闻或者减少扩散层厚度,可以得到更低的检测限.相对标准偏差<... 相似文献
95.
Monneron-Gyurits Matthias Joussein Emmanuel Courtin-Nomade Alexandra Grauby Olivier Paineau Erwan Reguer Solenn Soubrand Marilyne 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(12):17373-17381
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Anglesite (PbSO4) is a lead sulfate that belongs to the barite group and is naturally ubiquitous in the environment. This work describes a simple way... 相似文献
96.
97.
Olivier Dufaud Laurent Perrin David Bideau André Laurent 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(5):853-861
Mixing an inert solid or a less flammable compound with a combustible dust can be regarded as a direct application of the inherent safety principle of moderation. An experimental investigation was carried out to determine the evolution of the ignition sensitivity and the explosion severity of such various mixtures as a function of their compositions. It demonstrates that the introduction of small amounts of highly combustible powders (such as sulphur or nicotinic acid) to a less flammable dust (such as microcrystalline cellulose or carbon black) can strongly influence the ignition sensitivity as well as the explosion severity.It has notably been shown that the ignition sensitivity of solid/solid mixtures significantly rises up when only 10–5%wt. of highly flammable dust is introduced. Simple models can often be applied to estimate the minimum ignition energy, minimum ignition temperature and minimum explosive concentration of such mixtures. Concerning the dust explosivity, three cases have been studied: mixtures of combustibles dusts without reaction, dusts with reactions between the powders, combustible dusts with inert solid. If the evolution of the maximum explosion pressure can be estimated by using thermodynamic calculations, the maximum rate of pressure rise is more difficult to predict with simple models, and both combustion kinetics and hydrodynamics of the dust clouds should be taken into account. These results were also extended to flammable dust/solid inertant mixture. They clearly show that the concentration of solid inertant at which the ignition is not observed anymore could reach 95%wt. As a consequence, the common recommendation of solid inertant introduction up to 50–80%wt. to prevent dust explosion/ignition should be reconsidered. 相似文献
98.
Francois Sabatier Olivier Samat Cédric Brunel Hugues Heurtefeux Doriane Delanghe-Sabatier 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2009,13(2-3):57-64
The study presented here describes a method for defining set-back lines along eroding coasts. The method (a mathematical model) combines the long-term shoreline retreat trend with short-term shoreline erosion (during storms). Simulations are carried out for 2030 and compared with the beach width to determine whether the shoreline is likely to shift onshore. The mathematical model is applied to the Frontignan and Carnon beaches (south of France). Both sites possess hard engineering coastal structures and downdrift erosion on the natural beaches. The set-back lines indicate that beaches with groynes are generally wide enough to resist shoreline retreat, while the downdrift “natural” beaches are not. We discuss the possible utilisation of set-back line estimations. 相似文献
99.
Shrubs and trees are assumed less likely to lose genetic variation in response to habitat fragmentation because they have certain life-history characteristics such as long lifespans and extensive pollen flow. To test this assumption, we conducted a meta-analysis with data on 97 woody plant species derived from 98 studies of habitat fragmentation. We measured the weighted response of four different measures of population-level genetic diversity to habitat fragmentation with Hedge's d and Spearman rank correlation. We tested whether the genetic response to habitat fragmentation was mediated by life-history traits (longevity, pollination mode, and seed dispersal vector) and study characteristics (genetic marker and plant material used). For both tests of effect size habitat fragmentation was associated with a substantial decrease in expected heterozygosity, number of alleles, and percentage of polymorphic loci, whereas the population inbreeding coefficient was not associated with these measures. The largest proportion of variation among effect sizes was explained by pollination mechanism and by the age of the tissue (progeny or adult) that was genotyped. Our primary finding was that wind-pollinated trees and shrubs appeared to be as likely to lose genetic variation as insect-pollinated species, indicating that severe habitat fragmentation may lead to pollen limitation and limited gene flow. In comparison with results of previous meta-analyses on mainly herbaceous species, we found trees and shrubs were as likely to have negative genetic responses to habitat fragmentation as herbaceous species. We also found that the genetic variation in offspring was generally less than that of adult trees, which is evidence of a genetic extinction debt and probably reflects the genetic diversity of the historical, less-fragmented landscape. 相似文献
100.
Managing Mediterranean soil resources under global change: expected trends and mitigation strategies
Lagacherie Philippe Álvaro-Fuentes Jorge Annabi Mohamed Bernoux Martial Bouarfa Sami Douaoui Abdelkader Grünberger Olivier Hammani Ali Montanarella Luca Mrabet Rachid Sabir Mohammed Raclot Damien 《Regional Environmental Change》2018,18(3):663-675
Regional Environmental Change - The soils of the Mediterranean Basin are the products of soil processes that have been governed by a unique convergence of highly differentiated natural and... 相似文献