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991.
Although scyphomedusae have received increased attention in recent years as important predators in coastal and estuarine
environments, the factors affecting zooplankton prey vulnerability to these jellyfish remain poorly understood. Current models
predicting feeding patterns of cruising entangling predators, such as Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor, 1948), fail to account for the selection of fast-escaping prey such as copepods. Nevertheless, our analysis of gastric
contents of field-collected medusae showed that this scyphomedusa fed selectively on the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana, 1846) and preferentially ingested adult over copepodite stages. We measured feeding rates in a planktonkreisel while
simultaneously videotaping predator–prey interactions. C. quinquecirrha consumed adult A. tonsa ten times faster than copepodites. Differences in prey behavior, in the form of predator–prey encounter rates or post-encounter
escape responses, could not account for the elevated feeding rates on adults. Prey size, however, had a dramatic impact on
the vulnerability of copepods. In experiments using heat-killed prey, feeding rates on adults (1.5 times longer than copepodites)
were 11 times higher than on copepodites. In comparison, medusae ingested heat-killed prey at only two to three times the
rate of live prey. These results suggest that during scyphomedusan–copepod interactions, prey escape ability is important,
but ultimately small size is a more effective refuge from predation.
Received: 26 September 1997 / Accepted: 20 May 1998 相似文献
992.
Reproduction in the sea urchin Centrostephanus rodgersii was examined in two types of habitats (“barrens”, i.e. habitats characterised by the high crustose coralline algal cover
typical of urchin-barren grounds, and by the absence of macroalgae; and “fringe”, i.e. habitats characterised by a high macroalgal
biomass and few C. rodgersii) at four locations in New South Wales. The four locations: the Solitary Islands, Sydney, Ulladulla and Eden, span the distribution
of C.␣rodgersii from the subtropics at its northern limit to temperate waters near its southern limit. Histology and estimates of gonad retrieval
rate (GRR) from January 1994 to October 1995 indicated that reproduction was synchronous at all locations. An increase in
the tempo of gametogenesis in May and onset of spawning in June at all locations is consistent with entrainment in response
to exogenous factors. Over the range studied, C. rodgersii experienced relatively similar daylength cycles and contrasting sea-temperature cycles. Short days and lunar conditions coinciding
with the solstice appear likely proximate cues for the onset of spawning. The major difference in reproduction among locations
was in the duration of spawning. In the southern parts of its range breeding occurred over a 5 to 6 mo period, whereas at
the Solitary Islands it lasted ≃1 mo. At most locations the GRRs were significantly higher in the fringe habitat than in the
barrens habitat. The lower reproductive output of urchins in the barrens habitat was attributed to the food-poor conditions
typical of this habitat. The developing fishery for C. rodgersii is likely to be most effective from March to early May. Urchins from barrens areas may not provide sufficient yield to warrant
harvesting.
Received: 29 October 1997 / Accepted: 18 May 1998 相似文献
993.
The effects of blooms of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. on penaeid prawn larvae were examined using in situ and laboratory rearing experiments and plankton surveys in Albatross
Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. The in situ experiments demonstrated that, during a bloom of Trichodesmium spp., larvae of the prawn Penaeus merguiensis did not develop beyond the first protozoea stage, and survival was low compared with times when diatoms were dominant in
the same study area. Laboratory experiments confirmed the in situ results. None of the prawn larvae fed Trichodesmium sp. in laboratory experiments developed beyond the first protozoeal stage. In contrast, 94% of prawn larvae fed the green
flagellate Tetraselmis suecica successfully developed to the second protozoea stage. Electron microscopy of larvae gut-contents revealed that Trichodesmium spp. were ingested by larvae but were of no nutritional value, resulting in starvation. A 7 yr plankton survey, from 1985
to 1992, showed that minimum abundance of prawn larvae occurs during the annual summer blooms of Trichodesmium spp. and that maximum abundance of prawn larvae generally occurs just after the bloom. There was a negative correlation between
the abundance of larvae and the abundance of Trichodesmium at individual sites, one offshore and one inshore, indicating that the blooms affect the survival of larvae. We conclude that
variations in both timing and magnitude of Trichodesmium blooms are important determinants of prawn larvae abundance in Albatross Bay.
Received: 28 April 1997 / Accepted: 2 April 1998 相似文献
994.
Previously published mtDNA cytochrome b sequences for Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus) and two morphologically distinct types of Xyrichtys larvae (Pisces: Labridae) included human cytochrome b sequence, presumably due to sample contamination and/or poor preservation of sample DNA. Those sequences had been used to
identify the two types of Xyrichtys larvae as X. novacula, but owing to the contamination, the identifications are invalid. Fresh specimens were collected: X.␣martinicensis (Cuvier and Valenciennes), X. novacula, X. splendens (Castelnau), and Xyrichtys sp. larvae of each of the two morphotypes (dorsal-forward eye and ventral-forward eye). The cytochrome b fragment was amplified from each specimen using the polymerase chain reaction. Comparison of the sequences with human cytochrome b sequence confirmed that the new sequences were not contaminated. The interspecific differences in Xyrichtys sequences were less than previously reported, but still greater than observed in many fish genera. Distance and parsimony
analyses indicated that X. novacula and X. martinicensis were more closely related to each other than to X. splendens. This conclusion differs from our previous conclusion that X. martinicensis and X. splendens were more closely related to each other than to X. novacula. Distance and parsimony analyses also demonstrated that both larval morphotypes were X. novacula and, thus, our previous conclusions regarding larval ecology and oceanographic transport remain unchanged.
Received: 12 March 1997 / Accepted: 24 October 1997 相似文献
995.
Effect of female molt stage and sex ratio on courtship behavior of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus
In many species, males and females actively participate in courtship, and the outcome of pre-mating interactions influences
the mating success of both sexes. Female blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, mate soon after their final molt to maturity; thus female molt stage dictates the timing of mating. In a field experiment,
we manipulated female molt stage and sex ratio to test their effects on the courtship behavior of both sexes, if female behavior
influences the behavior and pairing success of males, and if male courtship influences male pairing-success. Early-molt-stage
females avoided males during courtship, whereas late-molt-stage females sought out males. As a result, males had to pursue
and capture early-molt-stage females whereas males displayed to late-molt-stage females and more easily physically controlled
them. Males sometimes abandoned late-molt-stage females, but this occurred more often when females were abundant. The rate
at which females avoided males was positively correlated with that of males abandoning females, and males that were unsuccessful
at pairing met with higher rates of female resistance than successful males, suggesting that female behavior influences male
pairing-success. Unlike unsuccessful males, successful males more often made the transition between display and maintaining
physical control of the female. At high male sex ratios, males initiated courtship more readily; thus both sexual competition
and female behavior influence male courtship in this species.
Received: 7 July 1996 / Accepted: 10 January 1998 相似文献
996.
During early development in fish, phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4) regulates membrane lipid modifications, which relates to changes in environmental conditions and provision of
fatty acids required for metabolic energy substrates and prostaglandin biosynthesis. A method to analyze phospholipase A2 in rat tissues has been modified to measure its activity in embryonic Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). Egg and embryo samples were collected during the 1994 spawning season. Enzyme activity was undetectable at fertilization
but in 10-d embryos was 230 pmol mg−1 h−1 (at 20 °C) and increased by ∼120% at hatch (17-d). Significant alterations in the fatty acid composition of important phospholipids,
phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), were also observed. The content of some critical polyunsaturated
fatty acids, and the ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids, declined significantly over development. Acyl-chain restructuring
mediated through the activity of phospholipase A2, coupled with other observed lipid changes (significant increases in the PC/PE ratio and cholesterol content), would produce
a decreased fluidity of membranes during embryonic development, coinciding with the predicted upward movement of larvae in
the water column. Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) removed from PE could serve as a precursor for biosynthesis of 2-series prostaglandins, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) from PC is a likely source for other prostaglandin types. Despite removal of polyunsaturated fatty acids, there was an
overall increase in lipid and fatty acid concentration, which can be attributed to amino acid catabolism during early developmental
stages.
Received: 9 September 1996 / Accepted: 8 September 1997 相似文献
997.
Through two-choice gustatory experiments, a␣preference hierarchy was established␣for␣the␣herbivorous gastropod Norrisianorrisi Sowerby, with laminarialean kelps preferred over all other seaweeds. Among the kelps, laminae of Macrocystispyrifera were slightly preferred over Egregiamenziesii, and both were strongly preferred over sporophylls of Eiseniaarborea. E.arborea, the least preferred kelp, was consistently chosen over other algae common in the snail's habitat (Halidrysdioica, Dictyotaflabellata, and Pterocladiacapillacea) and over seaweeds believed to be edible and palatable based on their morphology, structure, and secondary chemistry (Endarachnebinghamiae, Mazzaellaflaccida, and Ulvalobata). The morphologies and structural toughness of tested seaweeds varied significantly as did their nutritional (% carbon, %
nitrogen, C:N ratio, and % ash) contents and phlorotannin concentrations; however, snails preferred to feed on kelps regardless
of nutritional content, toughness or phlorotannin concentration; and among kelps preferred to feed on the least tough species
(based on penetrometer measurements), which also were those containing the lowest phlorotannin concentrations. Preference
for kelp was not upheld in experiments using agarose thalli to which freeze-dried powder, of either the kelp Eiseniaarborea or non-kelp Endarachnebinghamiae was added, suggesting the destruction of attractant chemicals during the making of the artificial foods. Our data suggest
that the preference of N. norrisi for kelps over other potentially edible and palatable seaweeds may not be related to nutritional content, but instead may
have evolved in response to factors such as availability, habitat provision, or refuge from predation.
Received: 27 September 1996 / Accepted: 7 October 1997 相似文献
998.
The pattern of settlement over time of three broadcast spawning coral species (Cyphastrea serailia, Acanthastrea lordhowensis, and Goniastrea australensis) from the Solitary Islands (30°00′S; 153°20′E) was studied in 1995 and 1996 in order to determine the maximum length of time
these larvae could remain in the water column and still retain the ability to settle and metamorphose. Larvae were maintained
in aquaria and the number which had settled on biologically-conditioned tile pairs was monitored every 5 to 10 d. While the
majority of larvae settled quickly after becoming competent, some larvae survived and settled for extended periods after spawning.
Competency periods ranged from 26 d for C. serailia to 56 d for G. australensis and 78 d for A. lordhowensis. These data greatly extend the known competency periods for larvae of broadcast-spawning corals and indicate the potential
for transport of broadcast-spawned coral larvae over large distances. Medium to long-distance larval dispersal of the species
studied provides a mechanism for their widespread distribution in subtropical regions, on reefs which are often widely spaced
and relatively isolated.
Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 27 November 1997 相似文献
999.
Karyotypic characterization of the great sturgeon, Huso huso, by multiple staining techniques and fluorescent in situ hybridization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
F. Fontana J. Tagliavini L. Congiu M. Lanfredi M. Chicca C. Laurente R. Rossi 《Marine Biology》1998,132(3):495-501
A karyotype analysis by several staining techniques was carried out on the great sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758). The karyotype (2n = 118 ± 2) was composed of 42 pairs of meta-/submetacentric chromosomes and 17 pairs of acrocentrics/microchromosomes. Constitutive
heterochromatin was mainly located at the centromeric regions of the acrocentric chromosomes. The biarmed chromosomes showed
weak C-bands. Fluorescent staining with GC-specific chromomycin A3 showed clearly recognizable fluorescent regions, whereas a more uniform base composition was revealed by the AT-specific
4,6-diamidino-2 phenylindole. After Ag-staining, nucleolar organizer regions could be observed on the short arms of two medium-sized
submetacentrics and on two acrocentrics. Digoxigenated 28S and 5S rDNA probes, prepared from Acipenser naccarii DNA and hybridized to metaphase chromosomes, showed signals on six and two chromosomes, respectively. The telomeric sequence
(TTAGGG)
n
detected by FISH was located at both ends of each chromosome. Results are discussed in relation to karyotype organization
and evolution in sturgeons.
Received: 1 April 1998 / Accepted: 21 July 1998 相似文献
1000.
Starch-gel electrophoresis of allozymes was used to differentiate the two red mullet species (Mullus barbatus L. and M. surmuletus L.) in the Mediterranean Sea and, further, to investigate the genetic stock structure of M. barbatus in the eastern Mediterranean area. Twenty putative enzyme-coding loci were examined in eight M. barbatus samples caught in the Aegean and Ionian Seas (Greece) and in the Gulf of Lion (France), and two M. surmuletus samples caught in the Aegean and Gulf of Lion. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was found in both species. Species-specific
electrophoretic patterns were found in PGI* and PGM*. Estimates of variance of allele frequencies among samples (F
ST) and 2 analyses both revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the M. barbatus samples. Most of the genetic variation was among samples regardless of region. The mean value of Nei's genetic distance between
the two species was 0.329. Genetic distance among M. barbatus samples was low (maximum Nei's D = 0.012), with the sample from Platania differing most from other M. barbatus samples. This is probably be due to founder effects existing at this area. These results suggest that allozyme analysis may
provide important information on the genetic structure of the red mullet to ensure sustainable management of this species.
Received: 7 May 1997 / Accepted: 13 October 1997 相似文献