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361.
P. Lemieux J. Wood J. Drake S. Minamyer E. Silvestri C. Yund 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2016,66(1):17-27
The Bio-response Operational Testing and Evaluation (BOTE) Project was a cross-government effort designed to operationally test and evaluate a response to a biological incident (release of Bacillus anthracis [Ba] spores, the causative agent for anthrax) from initial public health and law enforcement response through environmental remediation. The BOTE Project was designed to address site remediation after the release of a Ba simulant, Bacillus atrophaeus spp. globigii (Bg), within a facility, drawing upon recent advances in the biological sampling and decontamination areas. A key component of response to a biological contamination incident is the proper management of wastes and residues, which is woven throughout all response activities. Waste is generated throughout the response and includes items like sampling media packaging materials, discarded personal protective equipment, items removed from the facility either prior to or following decontamination, aqueous waste streams, and materials generated through the application of decontamination technologies. The amount of residual contaminating agent will impact the available disposal pathways and waste management costs. Waste management is an integral part of the decontamination process and should be included through “Pre-Incident” response planning. Overall, the pH-adjusted bleach decontamination process generated the most waste from the decontamination efforts, and fumigation with chlorine dioxide generated the least waste. A majority of the solid waste generated during pH-adjusted bleach decontamination was the nonporous surfaces that were removed, bagged, decontaminated ex situ, and treated as waste. The waste during the two fumigation rounds of the BOTE Project was associated mainly with sampling activities. Waste management activities may represent a significant contribution to the overall cost of the response/recovery operation. This paper addresses the waste management activities for the BOTE field test.Implications: Management of waste is a critical element of activities dealing with remediation of buildings and outdoor areas following a biological contamination incident. Waste management must be integrated into the overall remediation process, along with sampling, decontamination, resource management, and other important response elements, rather than being a stand-alone activity. The results presented in this paper will provide decision makers and emergency planners at the federal/state/tribal/local level information that can be used to integrate waste management into an overall systems approach to planning and response activities. 相似文献
362.
E. S. Zakharov V. M. Safronov L. P. Koryakina N. N. Smetanin 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2016,47(4):392-398
The population of foxes in the central regions of Yakutia has grown by a factor of four to five during the period from 2000 to 2011–2012, following an increase in the abundance of voles from the genus Microtus. A total of 130 carcasses of foxes taken in 2007–2012 have been examined. Age- and sex-related variation in morphological features has been described. The demographic structure of the population has been studied by estimating animal age from annual layers in the recording structures. Changes in female fertility and involvement in reproduction depending on age and feeding conditions have been analyzed. Changes in the composition of fox diet caused by long-term population depression in the mountain hare and their effect on the dynamics of fox abundance have been revealed. Age- and sex-related characteristics of the condition factor in foxes and sex-related differences in their dietary preferences have been demonstrated. 相似文献
363.
N. P. Korablev M. P. Korablev P. N. Korablev I. L. Tumanov 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2016,47(3):289-295
A comparative analysis of epigenetic variation has been performed in nine European populations and population groups of the American mink. It has been shown that differentiation of samples in nonmetric characters is due mainly to endogenous processes that have occurred in introduced populations in the course of colonization of new territory by the invasive species. Environmental factors have played a secondary role, with the influence of the geographic (latitudinal) origin of a given sample being considerable and stronger than that of macroclimatic factors. 相似文献
364.
365.
366.
P. A. Zadubrovskiy I. V. Zadubrovskaya M. A. Potapov O. F. Potapova V. I. Evsikov 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2016,47(1):82-87
Demographic structure and its seasonal dynamics have been studied in colonies of narrow-skulled voles (Lasiopodomys gregalis Pall.) in Northern Kulunda. Three types of colonies have been distinguished: (I) true colonies (large, complex families), (II) simple families (nuclear or incomplete), and (III) all-male colonies. Changes in their sex, age, and functional composition (based on animal migration activity) during the breeding season have been analyzed. 相似文献
367.
368.
Thomas H. Hutchinson Amanda Beesley Patricia E. Frickers James W. Readman Jenny P. Shaw Jürg Oliver Straub 《Environment international》2009,35(6):931-936
In case of an avian-influenza-derived human flu pandemic, an inordinately high use of medicines over several weeks is predicted, in particular for the recommended influenza antiviral oseltamivir (Tamiflu). While the risk of oseltamivir to sewage works and freshwater bodies has already been assessed, the fact that a large percentage of the human population worldwide lives relatively close to the sea raises concern for its environmental compatibility in coastal marine waters. The potential risk of high oseltamivir use to the marine compartment is assessed in this publication, based on the 2003 European Community Technical Guidance Document (TGD) for risk assessment. Subchronic embryo–larval ecotoxicity tests with three marine invertebrates (Pomatoceros triqueter, Annelida; Mytilus edulis, Mollusca; Paracentrotus lividus, Echinodermata) and chronic growth inhibition tests with two different groups of marine microalgae (Isochrysis galbana, Haptophyta; Skeletonema costatum, Heterokontophyta) were performed with the active substance oseltamivir carboxylic acid to derive a dependable marine predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). This was compared to a predicted environmental concentration (PEC) for oseltamivir in coastal waters, based on the worst-case freshwater PEC. The PEC/PNEC risk characterisation ratio for the marine compartment is well below 1, which in the terminology of the TGD signifies no immediate concern. Further, while oseltamivir may be persistent (P), it is not bioaccumulative (B) nor highly ecotoxic (T) and therefore not a PBT substance. In conclusion, even a high pandemic use of oseltamivir would not lead to a significant risk for the marine compartment, in confirmation of the risk assessment for sewage works and freshwaters. 相似文献
369.
The study focuses on evaluating factors that farmers consider relevant in adopting cassava production in five semi-arid zone
of West African countries. The study is based on primary data randomly collected as part of collaborative study of cassava
in semiarid zones of Africa (COSCASSA) village level survey from five West African countries namely: Nigeria, Ghana, Chad,
Niger and Burkina Faso. This study models effects of farm, farmer and technology specific factors on the decision of semi
arid farmers to adopt cassava into their farming system. By way of threshold decision models—Probit and Logit models, the
estimation of each country and the pooled data adoption models reveal different adoption models for the countries considered.
For each country, different variables appeared as major adoption shifters. Comparatively, the adoption models for Nigeria
and whole region appear to have the highest significance variables, being seven in number. This is followed by Chad (6), Ghana
(4), and Burkina Faso and Niger with three each. For the variables considered, distance to nearby urban market appears a major
adoption shifter in all the country, except for Niger. This is closely followed by contact with extension, variety, pest/disease
resistance and livestock feeds, which appear significant in four of the countries. Membership of cooperative societies appears
as the least adoption predictor, which is only significant in Chad republic. The study therefore recognizes the importance
of varietial characteristics and farmers’ characteristics in acceptance of cassava as a major root tuber crop in the semi
arid region of West Africa.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
370.
J. R. Park M. J. Stabler P. J. Jones S. R. Mortimer J. R. Tiffin R. B. Tranter 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(4):735-750
The issue of the sustainable development of rural economies in England has recently received considerable attention. This
is because many of the poorest areas in the country are rural, often of high environmental quality, but suffering from high
unemployment and a lack of services and facilities. The rapid decline in agricultural incomes and in-migration of affluent
urban workers since 1990 has exacerbated economic inequality in such areas. A number of factors have the potential to drive
rural development and this paper applies, and considers, the feasibility of a method from the USA for combining economic and
environmental variables in a regional growth model to examine the hypothesis that environmental quality is an important determinant
of sustainable rural development in England. The model output suggests that, although environmental quality does play a role
in sustainable rural development in England there are other, more important, factors driving development. These include business
and communications infra-structure, the degree and opportunities for commuting and underlying employment prospects. The robustness
and limitations of the method for combining economic and environmental variables is discussed in relation to the spatial interrelatedness
of Local Authority Districts in England, and conclusions are drawn about areas for refinement and improvement of the method.
相似文献
J. R. ParkEmail: |