重油微生物脱硫的研究概况

本文着重论述了微生物去除重油有机硫研究概况以及工艺、降解途径和机理,并介绍了生物脱硫产品的开发。     

钻井和修井天车防碰控制系统的研制

介绍了石油钻井和修井天车防碰控制系统的工作原理、主要技术指标、操作使用和维护检查与注意事项，分析了推广应用前景。     

缓解城市环境问题的有效途径

从区域环境和城市环境的角度出发，介绍了城市绿地系统在维护城市生态平衡、保护城市环境中的重要作用，揭示了在城市可持续发展战略中，加强城市绿地系统规划与建设的重要性。     

Recycling of aged refuse from a closed landfill.

In this study, refuse excavated from a typical refuse landfill in Shanghai after 8-10 years of placement was characterized in terms of particle size, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and biodegradable matter. The refuse contained a large and diverse population of micro-organisms with a high capacity for decomposing refractory organic matter present in some wastewaters, including leachate. It was found that the aged refuse was quite stable after about a decade of decomposition in the warm, humid climate of southern China. The fine fractions resembled and had the properties of black soil, a medium that is suitable for green construction, organic fertilizer, or as bioreactor media for biological treatment of organic wastewaters. Excavation of the aged refuse would make about 50% of the space available for fresh refuse. The plastics, glass, textiles, and cans can be readily mechanically separated and recycled after cleaning. It is estimated that at least 200 millions tonnes of such aged refuse are available in China alone, and at least 10 times that much is buried worldwide. Hence, the evaluation of mined landfill waste and consideration of its potential uses is of great significance.     

区域土地利用方式变化对土壤性质影响研究——以土壤钾为例

选取经济发达区原锡山市作为研究区域,以1982年和2005年土壤速效钾作为研究对象,分析探讨不同时空状态下区域土地利用变化对土壤钾含量的影响,以期获得较长时空条件下土壤质量对土地利用变化的响应。20年来,通过统计分析和独立样本t检验表明,原锡山市土壤速效钾含量增加了36.9mg/kg。变异函数分析表明,土壤速效钾的变异函数理论模型呈指数型,块金方差与基台值的比值、自相关阀值发生较大变化。kriging插值分析结果表明,土壤速效钾空间分布较简单,但空间变异明显。     

Transforming China's coal mines: A case history of the Shuangliu Mine

China is the largest coal producer and the largest coal consuming country in the world. Approximately half of China's coal comes from small‐scale mines. The sustainability of China's coal industry would be improved if a greater share of the coal come from larger‐scale mines. This article presents a case history of the Shuangliu Mine in Shanxi Province and discusses the issues and benefits of the transformation of this mine. Significant gains were observed in worker safety and benefits, and in more efficient exploitation of the coal resource. Problems included loss of employment opportunities for local labourers, and reduced revenue for local townships. The wider implications of a shift of China's coal supply from small‐scale to large‐scale mining operations are discussed in relation to economic, social and environmental aspects.     

Co-inhibition of methanogens for methane mitigation in biodegradable wastes

The inhibition effects and mechanisms of chlorinated methane and acetylene on methanogenesis in the anaerobic digestion process of the biodegradable wastes were investigated.It was found that both chloroform and acetylene could effectively inhibit methanogens while the biodegradability of the wastes was not affected.Acetylene inhibited the activity of methanogens,while chloroform inhibited metabolic process of methanogenesis.A central composite design (CCD) and response surface regression analysis (RSREG) were employed to determine the optimum conditions and interaction effects of chloroform and acetylene in terms of inhibition efficiency,production of volatile fatty acids and molar ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid.Chloroform had significant effect on enhancing the production of VFA (F = 121.3;p<0.01),and acetylene promoted the inhibition efficiency (F = 99.15;p<0.05) more effectively than chloroform (F = 9.72;p>0.05).In addition,a maximum molar ratio of propionic acid to acetic acid of 1.208 was estimated under the optimum conditions of chloroform concentration of 9.05 mg/kg and acetylene concentration of 3.6×10-3 (V/V).Hence,methanogens in the wastes can be inhibited while the stabilization process of the biodegradable wastes can still work well,as propionic acid generated during the inhibition process could hardly be utilized by methanogens.     

西北中等城市热岛效应变化特征——以天水市为例

为探索西北部中等城市的城市热岛效应规律,利用2004—2010年天水市城、郊自动气象站资料,对天水市城、郊温度差异进行了系统分析。结果表明:天水市城区热岛效应比较显著;冬季是热岛现象最强的季节,夏季是热岛现象最弱的季节;城区热岛现象持续时间为18:00—10:00,占全天的2/3,最大强度达1.5℃;城区凉岛持续时间为11:00—17:00,占全天的1/3,最大强度为0.3℃;地面温度城、郊差比气温更大,40cm以下城区地温全年大于郊区;降雪日及连阴雨天气的中后期,城区基本上维持凉岛;强降温天气下,城、郊气温变化基本一致,差别不大。     

青藏高原冰川雪坑中离子浓度的区域特征及来源分析

研究了青藏高原古仁河口冰川、小冬克玛底冰川和玉珠峰冰川中的离子浓度特征. 使用离子色谱对这3条冰川雪坑中的样品进行了分析,并运用相关分析法探讨了离子的主要来源. 结果表明,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、Cl^-和SO^2-₄的浓度从古仁河口冰川、小冬克玛底冰川到玉珠峰冰川依次升高,即从高原南部到北部依次升高. 反映了从青藏高原的南部到北部,陆源物质成分所占比重越来越大的特征. 玉珠峰冰川中Cl^-、Na⁺和SO^2-₄浓度比古仁河口冰川和小冬克玛底冰川高几倍,可能是由于玉珠峰冰川北侧柴达木盆地盐湖的蒸发及盐类矿物风化的结果. NO^-₃、K⁺ 和NH⁺₄的来源比较复杂,对环境的指示意义不够显著.     

地理特征、人口分布及用电负荷对深圳城市热岛效应的影响分析

利用自动站气温资料计算了深圳市的城市热岛强度,并分析了海陆分布、人口密度、道路占地面积百分比及用电负荷等因素对深圳城市热岛效应的影响.结果表明,海陆分布是决定深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局的主要因子,深圳东西两侧海洋的气候调节作用使得热岛强度相对较低,而中部地区南临香港陆地,海洋调节作用较弱,使得这部分地区成为深圳城市热岛的中心.人口密度和道路占地面积百分比对深圳城市热岛强度空间分布格局均有影响,它们与城市热岛强度之间的相关性显著（p〈0.01）,但道路占地百分比最密集的地区,城市热岛强度值却并不高,这可能与该区域较大的年平均风速有关.对2011年和2010年的数据进行对比分析,发现电力负荷对深圳城市热岛强度有着非常明显的影响,2011年深圳年平均城市热岛强度的增加,极有可能是由于2011年冬季更冷夏季更热导致用电负荷增加而造成的.