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61.
Endoreduplication, the replication of the genome without mitosis, leads to endopolyploidy, an increase in cellular chromosome number. Although endoreduplication is widespread among angiosperms and other groups of eukaryotes, the degree to which this process is plastic under varying environmental conditions and its potential adaptive significance are not known. Here, using flow cytometry, we measured plasticity in chromosome number following the removal of apical dominance (simulating natural herbivory) in two ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana: Columbia and Landsberg erecta. We report that endopolyploidy of clipped Columbia plants was significantly different than unclipped controls following the removal of apical dominance and regrowth, and that cellular ploidy is positively associated with attributes of fitness (biomass, flower, fruit, and seed production). In contrast, clipped Landsberg erecta showed no significant differences in endopolyploidy and a decrease in seed production compared to unclipped controls; representing a significant genotype x environment interaction between ecotypes. Altering ploidy via endoreduplication adds a previously unknown way in which plants may be able to cope with environmental stress: enhancing regrowth rates and fitness following plant damage. 相似文献
62.
Sugimoto JD Labrique AB Ahmad S Rashid M Shamim AA Ullah B Klemm RD Christian P West KP 《Disasters》2011,35(2):329-345
The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women. 相似文献
63.
The gut contents of specimens of the temperate crinoid Antedon bifida (Pennant) were collected from Dalkey, County Dublin, at monthly intervals for 1 yr, and occasionally from other areas around the Irish coast. Quantitative analysis showed the main components to be detritus (65%), plankton (18%) and inorganic particles (17%). This composition was remarkably constant throughout the year and at all locations, the main variation being in the plankton which was at a minimum in February (4%) and reached a maximum in August (36%). Food particle collection appeared to be nonselective within the appropriate size group, the essential feature of a particle being that it would fit into the ambulacral groove. Fragile planktonic diatoms and dinoflagellates, which occurred in blooms in summer and autumn, were digested by A. bifida, but more robust diatoms passed intact through the gut. Histochemical investigations indicate that the bulk of the detritus is refractory, and it is suggested that its associated micro-flora and micro-fauna may be a major source of nutriment for this crinoid. 相似文献
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65.
Many studies have examined latitudinal differences in reproduction of marine invertebrates, but few have measured variation
at small to intermediate scales (kilometres to hundreds of kilometres), which may confound comparisons across broader geographic
regions. Here, we examined variation in the reproductive biology of a little-studied species of burrowing ghost shrimp (Trypaea australiensis) at spatial scales ranging from km (between sites within estuaries) to 100s of km (among estuaries), over a 2-year period
in south-eastern Australia. Sex ratios of populations were consistently biased towards females through time and space. Although
reproduction started in summer months across all spatial scales, there was a pattern of earlier spawning from southern to
northern estuaries. Integration of results from previous studies of T. australiensis supported a similar pattern of earlier breeding from high to low latitudes. Fecundity of shrimp increased linearly with female
size, but the relationship varied inconsistently across the different spatial scales. Similarly, sizes at maturity varied
from small to intermediate scales and observed patterns were not consistent with general predictions e.g. shrimp were smaller
and ovigerous at smaller sizes at sites in the southern-most estuary, compared to estuaries further north. We found no differences
in the sizes of embryos across the different spatial scales, but confirm that T. australiensis employs a strategy of high fecundity and small embryo size compared to other thalassinidean shrimp. Our results suggest that
factors at smaller scales (e.g. food availability) may be important in affecting reproductive dynamics of T. australiensis, but further research is needed in testing hypotheses about patterns observed here. A lack of similar studies on other marine
organisms remains an impediment to understanding life-history strategies and the sustainable management and conservation of
populations. 相似文献
66.
Leiming Zhang L. Paige Wright Pierrette Blanchard 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(37):5853-5864
The status of the current knowledge concerning the dry deposition of atmospheric mercury, including elemental gaseous mercury (Hg0), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and particulate mercury (Hgp), is reviewed. The air–surface exchange of Hg0 is commonly bi-directional, with daytime emission and nighttime deposition over non-vegetated surfaces and vegetated surfaces with small leaf area indices under low ambient Hg0 conditions. However, daytime deposition has also been observed, especially when the ambient Hg0 is high. Typical dry deposition velocities (Vd) for Hg0 are in the range of 0.1–0.4 cm s?1 over vegetated surfaces and wetlands, but substantially smaller over non-vegetated surfaces and soils below canopies. Meteorological, biological, and soil conditions, as well as the ambient Hg0 concentrations all play important roles in the diurnal and seasonal variations of Hg0 air–surface exchange processes. Measurements of RGM deposition are limited and are known to have large uncertainties. Nevertheless, all of the measurements suggest that RGM can deposit very quickly onto any type of surface, with its Vd ranging from 0.5 to 6 cm s?1. The very limited data for Hgp suggest that its Vd values are in the range of 0.02–2 cm s?1.A resistance approach is commonly used in mercury transport models to estimate Vd for RGM and Hgp; however, there is a wide range of complexities in the dry deposition scheme of Hg0. Although resistance-approach based dry deposition schemes seem to be able to produce the typical Vd values for RGM and Hg0 over different surface types, more sophisticated air–surface exchange models have been developed to handle the bi-directional exchange processes. Both existing and newly developed dry deposition schemes need further evaluation using field measurements and intercomparisons within different modelling frameworks. 相似文献
67.
W6Mo5Cr4V2钢冷挤压凸模,应用1200℃淬火、560℃回火三次,磨削加工,软氮化和滚压的复合强化工艺,可以改善其表面凹凸状况,产生较大的残余压应力,使其寿命得到大幅度提高。 相似文献
68.
A pilot field study evaluated whether adding solid peroxygen materials during land treatment could cost effectively accelerate cleanup at a site contaminated with petroleum-related compounds. Five test cells were constructed containing approximately five cubic yards of soil contaminated with 300–400 mg/kg of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Three cells received treatment with solid peroxygen materials (either MgO2 or CaO2), while the other two cells served as controls (no peroxygen amendment). Adding solid peroxygen compounds effectively reduced the hydrocarbon contamination in the soils and decreased the treatment time. During this time, the concentration of TPH in soil in the three treatment cells decreased. In contrast, there was little loss of TPH from the two control cells simulating traditional land treatment. Adding the solid peroxygen materials reduced the total site remediation time, thereby reducing the overall costs. 相似文献
69.
70.