基于水化学及稳定同位素的岩溶山区城镇水体硝酸盐来源示踪

由于岩溶水文系统的地球化学敏感性和脆弱性,岩溶地下水NO3-污染已成为世界范围普遍存在的环境问题,而岩溶山区地下水硝酸盐来源解析对于保障区域供水安全和人体健康具有重要意义.因此,本文选取贵州中部典型岩溶山区城镇主要供水流域地表水和地下水为研究对象,基于土地利用类型,联合水化学分析及δ15N-NO3-、δ18O-NO3-...     

贵州农村冬季不同燃料燃烧产生的室内外PM_(2.5)研究

为了解贵州农村家庭冬季不同燃料燃烧产生的室内外PM2.5污染状况及其产生与变化规律,2011年11月～2012年2月间选择燃煤村寨水城县A村、烧柴村寨从江县B村和沼气推广示范村寨贵阳市乌当区C村各1户,每户设置厨房、卧室和室外3个监测点,进行连续5天PM2.5小时浓度和日均浓度的监测。结果表明:贵州农村室内因冬季燃烧不同燃料,产生的PM2.5浓度水平差异较大,但3户室内外空气中PM2.5的浓度大部分高于GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》中PM2.5日均浓度限值75μg/m3,其中燃煤的A村室内PM2.5的浓度水平最高;厨房PM2.5的浓度,燃煤的家庭>燃柴的家庭>燃沼气的家庭,表明沼气是相对最为清洁的能源;而厨房与卧室相比,燃煤家庭和燃柴家庭厨房PM2.5平均小时浓度均高于卧室的PM2.5平均小时浓度,表明厨房应是室内主要的因燃料引起的环境空气污染区域;B村室外环境空气中PM2.5日均浓度高于其卧室中PM2.5日均浓度,表明除燃料燃烧本身引起的室内环境空气污染外,改善室外环境空气质量也是不容忽视的重要方面。     

钻井废弃泥浆随钻处理技术应用

介绍了钻井废弃泥浆随钻（边钻边处理）处理技术应用的过程及效果。现场应用情况表明,钻井废弃泥浆随钻处理技术是一种科学有效的钻井废液处理技术,在钻井工程施工过程中可以减少临时土地占用、减少土壤污染、保护环境。     

农村恶臭污染源分析及防治措施探讨

由于人口分散、经济以粗放型为主、环境缺乏管理,近年来农村环境问题日益凸显,农村恶臭污染尤为严重。农村恶臭污染源具有分散性、区域性、隐蔽性的特点,且污染物排放量小、排污随机、扩散性强、不易监测,这给研究农村恶臭污染源问题带来了一定的困难。目前,对农村恶臭污染源分析研究还处于探索阶段,没有形成完整的体系。针对农村恶臭污染的特点,对农村恶臭污染源进行了初步的分析和探讨,以期对治理农村恶臭污染及改善农村环境有所帮助。     

臭气强度在恶臭污染物环境空气影响中的应用研究

以兰州某石化公司化工污水处理厂恶臭治理项目为例,在确定恶臭气体的污染源源强的基础上,采用AERMOD模式预测污染物扩散情况。结果表明,添置除臭装置后,NH3的臭气浓度减少了90%,VOCs的臭气浓度减少了88%。同时,当恶臭污染物浓度达到环境质量浓度标准时,NH3的臭气强度为1．40级,VOCs的臭气强度为0．82级,人们仍能感觉到气味。因此石化企业在进行恶臭治理过程中需综合考虑污染物的环境空气质量浓度标准和臭气强度,以期改善环境空气质量。     

气象环境要素对北京市消化系统疾病的影响

为探究气象环境条件对消化系统疾病的影响,结合分布滞后非线性模型与广义相加模型,分析了2009~2011年气象环境要素与北京市消化系统疾病急诊人数的暴露-反应关系.结果显示,气温对消化系统疾病的影响主要体现为“高温效应”,高于25℃的气温其危险度RR随气温升高而增加,且滞后效应能达到10d以上.较为极端的湿度(RH<10%或RH>90%)会显著增加消化系统疾病的发病,并有持久的作用,其与高温结合会形成“高温低湿”和“高温高湿”2种让人不适的情况.0～2m/s的风速在短的滞后期(5d)最能增加发病危险性.而3～4m/s的风速对疾病的危险性小,说明适度的风速不影响健康.浓度高于200μg/m³的PM₁₀和浓度高于70μg/m³的 NO₂具有即时的危险性(5d内显著);而较高浓度(>55μg/m³)的SO₂滞后一定时期后效应更加明显.     

战场损伤评估程序研究

由于现行战场损伤评估程序相对简单,与实际战场评估活动需求有一定的差距。根据美军飞机和车辆战场损伤评估程序,对战场损伤评估程序进行了详细分析和改进。改进后,战场损伤评估程序分为3个主要组成部分,即战场损伤评估前应明确的问题、系统级评估、关键件级评估。战场损伤评估前应明确的问题包括损伤装备和战术要求两个方面。系统级评估主要包括损伤定位和确定关键件。关键件级评估包括损伤定位、确定抢修方法和提交评估报告3方面。最后,以某火炮为例进行了实例分析。     

双循环两相生物处理工艺(BICT)除磷中试试验

一种新型的生物脱氮除磷工艺——双循环两相生物脱氮除磷工艺,它是在序批式活性污泥法基础上增设独立的生物膜反应器,实现微生物的分相培养,对提高脱氮除磷效率、增强系统运行的稳定性和可靠性提供了很大的潜力。通过对城市污水的试验,结果表明,在适宜的负荷和运行条件下TP去除率可达90%,出水TP浓度可控制在1·0mg/L以下。     

Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water using magnetic ion exchange resin

The occurrence of antibiotics in the environment has recently raised serious concern regarding their potential threat to aquatic ecosystem and human health. In this study, the magnetic ion exchange(MIEX) resin was applied for removing three commonly-used antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole(SMX), tetracycline(TCN) and amoxicillin(AMX) from water.The results of batch experiments show that the maximum adsorption capacities on the MIEX resin for SMX, TCN and AMX were 789.32, 443.18 and 155.15 μg/m L at 25°C,respectively, which were 2–7 times that for the powdered activated carbon. The adsorption kinetics of antibiotics on the MIEX resin could be simulated by the pseudo-second-order model(R~2= 0.99), and the adsorption isotherm data were well described by the Langmuir model(R~2= 0.97). Solution p H exhibited a remarkable impact on the adsorption process and the absorbed concentrations of the tested antibiotics were obtained around the neutral p H.The MIEX resin could be easily regenerated by 2 mol/L Na Cl solution and maintained high adsorption removal for the tested antibiotics after regeneration. Anion exchange mechanism mainly controlled the adsorption of antibiotic and the formation of hydrogen binding between the antibiotic and resin can also result in the increase of adsorption capacity. The high adsorption capacity, fast adsorption rate and prominent reusability make the MIEX resin a potential adsorbent in the application for removing antibiotics from water.     

Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region

This study presents the mass concentrations of PM_(2.5),O_3,SO_2 and NOxat one urban,one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 272013. Major chemical components of PM_(2.5)at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO_2(7–82 μg/m~3),O_3(27–171 μg/m~3) and NOx(14–213 μg/m~3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS)in China. However,PM_(2.5)concentrations(143–168 μg/m~3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS.Higher PM_(2.5)concentrations(~ 150 μg/m~3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site,while PM_(2.5)concentrations significantly increased from 250 to400 μg m~(-3) at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites,PM_(2.5)components were dominated by organic carbon(OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate(SO_4~(2-)),ammonium(NH_4~+) and nitrate(NO_3~-). Compared with rural sites,urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium(K~+and K) contribution to PM_(2.5).Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions(e.g.,biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions.Furthermore,coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period,the Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region,as follows: secondary aerosol(39%),biomass burning(20%),supply heating(18%),soil/road dust(14%) and traffic(9%).