Fungitoxicity of lyophilized and spray-dried garlic extracts

Among the compounds discussed for anti-microbial and anti-fungal use allicin (allylthiosulfinate, diallyl disulfide-S-monoxide), an active ingredient of garlic, has attracted considerable attention. The objective of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of a local garlic ecotype (Voghiera) extracts against different pathogens. Primary screening was carried out by the agar plates technique using ethanol garlic extract at four final concentrations against the following organisms: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus spp., Colletotrichum acutatum, Didymella bryoniae, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium gramineareum, Gliocladium roseum 47, Pythium splendens, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Stemphylium vesicarium, Trichoderma longibranchiatum, and Botrytis cinerea. Secondary screening was carried out using a lyophilized and a spray-dried preparation at different concentrations against the organisms selected for the high inhibition garlic effect in the primary screening and compared with the commercial fungicides mancozeb and iprodione. The best results were observed for the spray-dried garlic compound that showed a good fungicidal activity at the concentration of 1.5 g/10 mL while lyophilized garlic at the same concentration exhibithed less inhibition activity against the four fungi analyzed in the second screening.     

The effect of insecticides on the non-target predatory mite Kampimodromus aberrans: Laboratory studies

The side-effects of pesticides on predatory mites have been investigated at various levels and international teams (e.g., the IOBC/wprs Working Group “Pesticides and beneficial organisms”) have selected a few species of predatory mites occurring in Central and Northern Europe as representative for such studies. Key biocontrol species occurring in Southern Europe have received much less attention. Kampimodromus aberrans is the most important predator of herbivorous mites in South-European vineyards treated with selective pesticides. The impact of pesticides on K. aberrans populations has been studied in field conditions whereas few toxicological tests have been conducted in the laboratory because of difficulties in rearing this species. A method for rearing K. aberrans in the laboratory has recently been set up allowing toxicological studies to be conducted. In this paper, a toxicological method to assess the effects of pesticides on K. aberrans is described and the effects of insecticides frequently used in European vineyards on two K. aberrans strains are reported. These strains were collected from vineyards treated with organophosphates. Insecticides characterized by different modes of action were selected for trials. Among these, etofenprox and spinosad were classified as harmful to predatory mites. Chlorpyrifos reduced predatory mite fecundity, and was classified as moderately harmful for both strains. The toxicity of thiamethoxam and flufenoxuron varied with the strain (low to moderate). Indoxacarb and methoxyfenozide appeared to be harmless or slightly harmful. Implications of this study for adopting IPM tactics with a reduced risk for K. aberrans are discussed.     

Temporal pessimism and spatial optimism in environmental assessments: An 18-nation study

The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies.     

The potential of animal manure management pathways toward a circular economy: a bibliometric analysis

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Improper disposal of animal waste is responsible for several environmental problems, causing eutrophication of lakes and rivers, nutrient overload in...     

Capability of the natural microbial community in a river water ecosystem to degrade the drug naproxen

The present work aims at evaluating the ability of the River Tiber natural microbial community to degrade naproxen in water samples collected downstream from a wastewater treatment plant. For this purpose, different water microcosms were set up (microbiologically active vs sterile ones) and treated with naproxen (100 μg/L) alone or in the co-presence of gemfibrozil in order to evaluate if the co-presence of the latter had an influence on naproxen degradation. The experiment was performed in the autumn and was compared with the same experimental set performed in spring of the same year to highlight if seasonal differences in the river water influenced the naproxen degradation. Pharmaceutical concentrations and microbial analysis (total cell number, viability, and microbial community composition) were performed at different times in the degradation experiments. The overall results show that the natural microbial community in the river water had a key role in the naproxen degradation. In fact, although there was a transient negative effect on the natural microbial community in all the experiments (3 h after adding the pharmaceutical), the latter was able to degrade naproxen within about 40 days. On the contrary, no decrease in the pharmaceutical concentration was observed in the sterile river water. Moreover, the co-presence of the two drugs lengthened the naproxen lag phase. As regards the natural microbial community composition detected by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization, Alpha and Gamma-Proteobacteria increased when the pharmaceutical halved, suggesting their role in the degradation. This study shows that with the concentration studied, naproxen was degraded by the natural microbial populations collected from a river chronically contaminated by this pharmaceutical.     

Rockfall Hazard and Risk Assessment Along a Transportation Corridor in the Nera Valley,Central Italy

Rockfalls are a common type of fast-moving slope failures, and in many countries they represent the primary cause of landslide fatalities. We present a methodology to ascertain rockfall hazard and to determine the associated risk along transportation networks. The proposed methodology is based on the combined analysis of the recurrence of rockfall events, determined from historical information, the frequency-volume statistics of rockfalls, obtained from inventories of recent rockfall triggering events, and the results of a physically based, spatially distributed rockfall simulation model used to determine rockfall hazard. The available information on rockfall hazard is combined in a Geographic Information System with a map of the transportation network to identify the road sections potentially subject to rockfalls. Information on the location and type of rockfall defensive measures, including revetment nets, elastic fences, concrete walls, and artificial tunnels, is used to estimate the efficacy of the defensive structures and to determine the level of the residual rockfall risk along the roads. To illustrate the methodology, we discuss an application in a 48-km² area in the Nera River valley, in the Umbria Region of central Italy, where rockfalls are abundant, and where considerable investments were recently made to mitigate rockfall risk. Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004.     

Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization technique to detect simazine-degrading bacteria in soil samples

We propose a new approach to evaluate the natural attenuation capacity of soil by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). A specific oligonucleotide probe AtzB1 was designed based on the sequence data of the atzB gene involved in the hydrolytic deamination of s-triazines; this gene, located in a multiple copy plasmid was detected by the optimized FISH protocol. Two agricultural soils (Lodi and Henares) with a history of simazine treatments, and two natural soils (Soto and Monza), without previous exposure to simazine, were studied. AtzB1 probe-target cells were found only in the agricultural soils and, in a greater percentage, in the Lodi soil, compared to the Henares one. Moreover, the greatest percentage of AtzB1 probe-target cells in Lodi was accompanied by a greater mineralization rate, compared to the Henares soil. The FISH method used in this study was suitable for the detection of simazine-degrading bacteria and could be a useful indicator of the potential of soil bioremediation.     

Application of Brassica napus hairy root cultures for phenol removal from aqueous solutions

Phenolic compounds present in the drainage from several industries are harmful pollutants and represent a potential danger to human health. In this work we have studied the removal of phenol from water using Brassica napus hairy roots as a source of enzymes, such as peroxidases, which were able to oxidise phenol. These hairy roots were investigated for their tolerance to highly toxic concentrations of phenol and for the involvement of their peroxidase isoenzymes in the removal of phenol. Roots grew normally in medium containing phenol in concentrations not exceeding 100 mg l(-1), without the addition of H(2)O(2). However, roots were able to remove phenol concentrations up to 500 mg l(-1), in the presence of H(2)O(2), reaching high removal efficiency, within 1h of treatment and over a wide range of pH (4-9). Hairy roots could be re-used, at least, for three to four consecutive cycles. Peroxidase activity gradually decreased to approximately 20% of the control, at the fifth cycle. Basic and near neutral isoenzymes (BNP) decreased along time of recycling while acidic isoenzymes (AP) remained without changes. Although both group of isoenzymes would be involved in phenol removal, AP showed higher affinity and catalytic efficiency for phenol as substrate than BNP. In addition, AP retained more activity than BNP after phenol treatment. Thus, AP appears to be a promising isoenzyme for phenol removal and for application in continuous treatments. Furthermore, enzyme isolation might not be necessary and the entire hairy roots, might constitute less expensive enzymatic systems for decontamination processes.     

Mercury Pollution in the Surface Environment of a Volcanic Area

The mercury content has been determined in samples of fumarolic gases, phreatic waters, soil and vegetation collected at Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy. Volcanic activity is demonstrated as a source of natural mercury pollution whose extent has been evaluated here by studying the contribution of different components of the surface environment. The possible influences for living organisms are examined.