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501.
Water Quality Improvement Policies: Lessons Learned from the Implementation of Proposition O in Los Angeles,California 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article evaluates the implementation of Proposition O, a stormwater cleanup measure, in Los Angeles, California. The
measure was intended to create new funding to help the city comply with the Total Maximum Daily Load requirements under the
federal Clean Water Act. Funding water quality objectives through a bond measure was necessary because the city had insufficient
revenues to deploy new projects in its budget. The bond initiative required a supermajority vote (two-thirds of the voters),
hence the public had to be convinced that such funding both was necessary and would be effective. The bond act language included
project solicitation from the public, as well as multiple benefit objectives. Accordingly, nonprofit organizations mobilized
to present projects that included creating new parks, using schoolyards for flood control and groundwater recharge, and replacing
parking lots with permeable surfaces, among others. Yet few, if any, of these projects were retained for funding, as the city
itself also had a list of priorities and higher technical expertise in justifying them as delivering water quality improvements.
Our case study of the implementation of Proposition O points to the potentially different priorities for the renovation of
urban infrastructure that are held by nonprofit organizations and city agencies and the importance of structuring public processes
clearly so that there are no misimpressions about funding and implementation responsibilities that can lead to disillusionment
with government, especially under conditions of fiscal constraints. 相似文献
502.
Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is performed to quantitatively evaluate all environmental impacts from products, systems, processes and services. However, LCIA does not always provide valuable information for choosing among alternatives with different specifications, functionalities and lifetimes. The objectives of this study are (1) to propose environmental indicators to evaluate environmental efficiency and value qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of analogies to financial and economic indicators, and (2) to present the application of the indicators. Incremental evaluation using a reference is employed to obtain the environmental indicators. The environmental efficiency indicators are conceptually based on the ratios of reduced environmental burdens returned to environmental burdens required: environmental return on investment, environmental payback period and environmental internal rate of return. The environmental value indicator is the sum of all reduced and required environmental burdens: i.e., environmental net present value. All the environmental indicators can be used to compare and rank the environmental efficiencies or values of alternatives. The environmental efficiency indicators can be applied to a new environmental labeling. The concept of eco-efficiency labeling is developed by combining the environmental efficiency indicators with financial indicators. A case study is performed to illustrate the necessity and importance of the environmental indicators. These environmental indicators can help easily communicate LCIA results in the field of environmental management. 相似文献
503.
Environmental risk assessment of genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant Zoysia japonica 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bae TW Vanjildorj E Song SY Nishiguchi S Yang SS Song IJ Chandrasekhar T Kang TW Kim JI Koh YJ Park SY Lee J Lee YE Ryu KH Riu KZ Song PS Lee HY 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(1):207-218
Herbicide-tolerant Zoysia grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) has been generated previously through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The genetically modified (GM) Zoysia grass survived Basta spraying and grew to maturity normally while the wild-type (WT) grass stopped growing and died. GM Zoysia grass will permit more efficient weed control for various turf grass plantings such as home lawns, golf courses, and parks. We examined the environmental/biodiversity risks of herbicide-tolerant GM Zoysia before applying to regulatory agencies for approval for commercial release. The GM and WT Zoysia grass' substantial trait equivalence, ability to cross-pollinate, and gene flow in confined and unconfined test fields were selectively analyzed for environmental/biodiversity effects. No difference between GM and WT Zoysia grass in substantial traits was found. To assess the potential for cross-pollination and gene flow, a non-selective herbicide, Basta, was used. Results showed that unintended cross-pollination with and gene flow from GM Zoysia grass were not detected in neighboring weed species examined, but were observed in WT Zoysia grass (on average, 6% at proximity, 1.2% at a distance of 0.5 m and 0.12% at a radius of 3 m, and 0% at distances over 3 m). On the basis of these initial studies, we conclude that the GM Zoysia grass generated in our laboratory and tested in the Nam Jeju County field does not appear to pose a significant risk when cultivated outside of test fields. 相似文献
504.
Effects of earthworm cast and powdered activated carbon on methane removal capacity of landfill cover soils 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Landfill gases could be vented through a layer of landfill cover soil that could serve as a biofilter to oxidize methane to carbon dioxide and water. Properly managed landfill cover soil layers may reduce atmospheric CH4 emissions from landfills. In the present study, the effects of earthworm cast and powdered activated carbon (PAC) on the CH4 removal capacity of the landfill cover soil was investigated. For this purpose, column and batch tests were conducted using three different materials: typical landfill cover soil, landfill cover soil amended with earthworm cast, and landfill cover soil amended with PAC. The maximum CH4 removal rate of the columns filled with landfill cover soil amended with earthworm cast was 14.6mol m(-2)d(-1), whereas that of the columns filled with typical landfill cover soil was 7.4mol m(-2)d(-1). This result shows that amendment with earthworm cast could stimulate the CH4-oxidizing capacity of landfill cover soil. The CH4 removal rate of the columns filled with landfill cover soil amended with PAC also showed the same removal rate, but the vertical profile of gas concentrations in the columns and the methanotrophic population measured in the microbial assay suggested that the decrease of CH4 concentration in the columns is mainly due to sorption. Based on the results from this study, amendment of landfill cover soil with earthworm cast and PAC could improve its CH4 removal capacity and thus achieve a major reduction in atmospheric CH4 emission as compared with the same landfill cover soil without any amendment. 相似文献
505.
Applicability of grid-net detection system for landfill leachate and diesel fuel release in the subsurface 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The grid-net system estimating the electrical conductivity changes was evaluated as a potential detection system for the leakage of diesel fuel and landfill leachate. Aspects of electrical conductivity changes were varied upon the type of contaminant. The electrical conductivity in the homogeneous mixtures of soil and landfill leachate linearly increased with the ionic concentration of pore fluid, which became more significant at higher volumetric water contents. However, the electrical conductivity in soil/diesel fuel mixture decreased with diesel fuel content and it was more significant at lower water contents. The electrode spacing should be determined by considering the type of contaminant to enhance the electrode sensitivity especially when two-electrode sensors are to be used. The electrode sensitivity for landfill leachate was constantly maintained regardless of the electrode spacings while that for the diesel fuel significantly increased at smaller electrode spacings. This is possibly due to the fact that the insulating barrier effect of the diesel fuel in non-aqueous phase was less predominant at large electrode spacing because electrical current can form the round-about paths over the volume with relatively small diesel fuel content. The model test results showed that the grid-net detection system can be used to monitor the leakage from waste landfill and underground storage tank sites. However, for a successful application of the detection system in the field, data under various field conditions should be accumulated. 相似文献
506.
Magnesium-aluminum oxide (Mg-Al oxide) obtained by thermal decomposition of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (Mg-Al LDH) effectively removed HCl from gaseous streams. HCl removal was greater in the presence of added water vapor at all temperatures examined and increased with decreasing temperature in both the presence and absence of added water vapor. Wet and dry removal of gaseous HCl were attributed to the production of MgCl2 . 6H2O and MgCl2 . 4H2O, respectively. For the wet scrubbing process, the reconstruction reaction of Mg-Al LDH from Mg-Al oxide was the primary mechanism for increased HCl removal. 相似文献
507.
Han T Han YS Park CY Jun YS Kwon MJ Kang SH Brown MT 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,153(3):699-705
A toxicity test using spore release of the aquatic green alga, Ulva, was developed and evaluated by assessing the toxicity of different organic and inorganic chemicals and elutriates of sewage or waste sludge. The toxic ranking of four metals was: Cu (EC50 of 0.040mgL(-1))>Cd (0.095mgL(-1))>Pb (0.489mgL(-1))>Zn (0.572mgL(-1)). The EC50 for TBTO ranged from 24 to 63microgL(-1). The most toxic VOC was formalin (EC50 of 0.788microlL(-1)) and the least toxic was acetone. Spore release was significantly inhibited in all elutriates; the greatest and least toxic effects were for industrial sewage (3.29%) and filtration bed (10.08%), respectively. The bioassay is simple, inexpensive and sensitive. The cosmopolitan distribution of Ulva means that the test would have a potential application worldwide. 相似文献
508.
Ju-Myon Park James C. Rock Lingjuan Wang Yong-Chil Seo Amit Bhatnagar Seongheon Kim 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(2):280-289
The present study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the performance of six different aerosol samplers in terms of mass concentration, particle size distribution, and mass fraction for the international size-sampling conventions. The international size-sampling criteria were defined as inhalable, thoracic, and respirable mass fractions with 50% cutoff at an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 100 μm, 10 μm, and 4 μm, respectively. Two Andersen, four total suspended particulate (TSP), two RespiCon, four PM10, two DustTrak, and two SidePak samplers were selected and tested to quantitatively estimate human exposure in a carefully controlled particulate matter (PM) test chamber. The overall results indicate that (1) Andersen samplers underestimate total suspended PM and overestimate thoracic and respirable PM due to particle bounce and carryover between stages, (2) TSP samplers provide total suspended PM as reference samplers, (3) TSP samplers quantified by a coulter counter multisizer provide no information below an equivalent spherical diameter of 2 μm and therefore underestimate respirable PM, (4) RespiCon samplers are free from particle bounce as inhalable samplers but underestimate total suspended PM, (5) PM10 samplers overestimate thoracic PM, and (6) DustTrak and SidePak samplers provide relative PM concentrations instead of absolute PM concentrations. 相似文献
509.
Hyokeun Park Michael G. Ikonomou Hee-Sun Kim Jong-Woo Choi Yoon-Seok Chang 《Environment international》2009,35(3):580-587
To assess occupational exposure, we determined the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in human serum samples from 26 incinerator workers (10 industrial waste and 16 municipal solid waste incinerator workers), 38 residents near the facilities and 7 inhabitants (as control subjects) living over 10 km away from any incinerator facilities in Korea. The mean TEQWHO levels of PCDD/Fs in the industrial and MSWI workers were 41.57 and 9.86 pg TEQWHO g? 1 lipid, respectively. For the residents, the mean TEQWHO was 13.47 pg TEQWHO g? 1 lipid (residents near IWI, MSWI, and control subjects: 17.64, 13.31, and 6.91 pg TEQWHO g? 1 lipid). Higher levels of certain PCDD/F congeners, mainly PCDFs, were detected in the serum of industrial incinerator workers in comparison to the levels measured in the residents. Significant differences were observed for PCDFs, the major compounds were OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF, and the minor components 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF, and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF (p < 0.01). The PCDD/F congener patterns and concentrations measured in the 71 serum samples examined suggest that the industrial incinerator workers were exposed to PCDD/Fs in the workplace, possibly through inhalation and/or skin contact. In contrast, the levels and congener patterns of PCBs measured were similar in all subjects, indicating that workers from the incinerator facilities examined were not subjected to additional exposure to these compounds. 相似文献
510.
SuJin Kang HeeJin Hwang Sunni Kang YooMyung Park HyeKyeong Kim Chul-Un Ro 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(22-23):3445-3453
A quantitative single-particle analytical technique, called low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis, combined with the utilization of their morphological information on individual particles, was applied to characterize six aerosol samples collected in one Korean city, Incheon, during March 9–15, 2006. The collected supermicron aerosol particles were classified based on their chemical species and morphology on a single-particle basis. Many different particle types were identified and their emission source, transport, and reactivity in the air were elucidated. In the samples, particles in the “soil-derived particles” group were the most abundant, followed by “reacted sea-salts”, “reacted CaCO3-containing particles”, “genuine sea-salts”, “reacted sea-salts + others”, “Fe-containing particles”, “anthropogenic organics”, (NH4)2SO4, “K-containing particles”, and “fly ash”. The application of this single-particle analysis, fully utilizing their chemical compositional and morphological data of individual particles, clearly revealed the different characteristics of the six aerosol samples. For samples S3 and S5, which were sampled during two Asian dust storm events, almost all particles were of soil origin that had not experienced chemical modification and that did not entrain sea-salts during their long-range transport. For sample S1, collected at an episodic period of high PM10 concentration and haze, anthropogenic, secondary, and soil-derived particles emitted from local sources were predominant. For samples S2, S4, and S6, which were collected on average spring days with respect to their PM10 concentrations, marine originated particles were the most abundant. Sample S2 seems to have been strongly influenced by emissions from the Yellow Sea and Korean peninsula, sample S4 had the minimum anthropogenic influence among the four samples collected in the absence of any Asian dust storm event, and sample S6 seems to have entrained air pollutants that had been transported from mainland China over the Yellow Sea to Korea. 相似文献