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991.
Marion Dolezel Marianne Miklau Andreas Heissenberger Wolfram Reichenbecher 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2018,30(1):39
Background
The European Food Safety Authority proposed a concept for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants in the EU that is based on the definition of thresholds for the acceptability of potential adverse effects on the environment. This concept, called Limits of Concern (LoC), needs to be further refined to be implemented in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms.Methods
We analyse and discuss how LoC can be defined for the environmental risk assessment for three different types of genetically modified plants. We outline protection goals relevant to the genetically modified plants in question and discuss existing concepts and suggestions for acceptability thresholds from the environmental risk assessment of different regulatory areas. We make specific recommendations for the setting and use of LoC for each type of genetically modified plant.Results
The LoC concept can be suitably applied for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified organisms, if the different protection goals in agro-environments are specifically considered. Not only biodiversity protection goals but also agricultural protection goals need to be addressed. The different ecosystem services provided by weeds inside and outside agricultural fields have to be considered for genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. Exposure-based LoCs are suggested based on knowledge about dose–effect relationships between maize pollen and non-target Lepidoptera for insect-resistant maize. Due to the long-term nature of biological processes such as spread and establishment, LoCs for genetically modified oilseed rape should be defined for the presence of the genetically modified plant or its genetically modified traits in relevant protection goals.Conclusions
When setting LoCs, the focus should be on protection goals which are possibly affected. Potential overlaps of the LoC concept with the ecosystem service concept have to be clarified to harmonise protection levels in the agro-environment for different stressors. If additional impacts on agro-biodiversity resulting from the cultivation of genetically modified plants are to be avoided, then high protection levels and low thresholds for acceptable effects (i.e. LoC) should be set.992.
In July 2018, the European Court of Justice (Case C-528/16) ruled that organisms obtained by directed mutagenesis techniques are to be regarded as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) within the meaning of Directive 2001/18. The ruling marked the next round of the dispute around agricultural genetic engineering in Europe. Many of the pros and cons presented in this dispute are familiar from the debate around the first generation of genetic engineering techniques. The current wave of enthusiasm for the new genetic engineering methods, with its claim to make good on the failed promises of the previous wave, seems to point more to an admission of failure of the last generation of genetic engineering than to a true change of paradigm. Regulation is being portrayed as a ban on research and use, which is factually incorrect, and the judges of the European Court of Justice are being defamed as espousing “pseudoscience”. Furthermore, this highly polarised position dominates the media reporting of the new techniques and the court’s ruling. Advocates of the new genetic engineering techniques appear to believe that their benefits are so clear that furnishing reliable scientific evidence is unnecessary. Meanwhile, critics who believe that the institution of science is in a serious crisis are on the increase not just due to the cases of obvious documented scientific misconduct by companies and scientists, but also due to the approach of dividing the world into those categorically for or against genetic engineering. In this construct of irreconcilable opposites, differentiations fall by the wayside. This article is a response to this one-sided and biased reporting, which often has the appearance of spin and lacks journalistic ethics that require journalists to report on different positions in a balanced and factual manner instead of taking positions and becoming undeclared advocates themselves. 相似文献
993.
Dorota Jermakowicz-Bartkowiak 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(4):317-320
Vinylbenzyl chloride/divinylbenzene gel copolymer beads have been modified using piperidine, hexamethyleneimine, piperazine,
1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, and N-cyclohexyl-1,3-propanediamine. These resins were then tested for the sorption of noble metal ions, namely, Re(VII), Pd(II),
Pt(IV), and Au(III), from a 0.1 M HCl solution. The effect of these resins on the sorption of other coexisting ions, such
as Cu, Ni and Fe, was also studied. Of the resins tested, resin 4 [1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine groups] showed the highest sorption
capacity for Pt(IV) and Re(VII) from single and multicomponent solutions, with the sorption of Pt(IV) from the multicomponent
solution (Re, Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ni Fe) in 0.1 M HCl reaching 68 mg Pt/g. 相似文献
994.
Jiang He Chang-Wei Lü Hong-Xi Xue Ying Liang Saruli Bai Ying Sun Li-Li Shen Na Mi Qing-Yun Fan 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(1):45-58
This paper analyses the contents and species distributions of rare earth elements (REEs) in the water-suspended particulate-sediment
system of the Baotou section of the Yellow River, China, with known anthropogenic REE input from industrial discharges. The
major forms of REEs were suspended and dissolved in the mainstream and the tributaries of the Baotou section, respectively.
The concentrations of the dissolved and suspended REEs had the same trends in the overlying water along the mainstream, which
increased from the Seqi section (site A) to the mouth of the Sidaosha River (site D), reaching a maximum value at site D,
and tending to decrease thereafter. The contents of REEs in sediment cores showed enrichment with light rare earth elements
(LREEs). The bound to carbonates and to Fe–Mn oxides are the major forms of REE in the secondary phase and the REE exhibited
LREE enrichment pattern and moderate Eu depletion in suspended particulates and surface sediments. The contents and species
distributions of REEs in the water-suspended particulate-sediment system of the Baotou section suggest that the anthropogenic
source of REEs from Baotou city have enhanced REE accumulation to the Baotou section. This information is important for predicting
possible pollution resulting from anthropogenic REE input into rivers. 相似文献
995.
Arsenic (As) contamination has become a serious environmental problem in many countries. We have performed batch-type leaching
experiments on mine tailing soils collected from three abandoned mine areas in South Korea with the objective of evaluating
the effect of indigenous bacterial activity on As mobilization. The analysis of physicochemical properties and mineralogical
compositions of the samples indicated that the secondary minerals or phases formed as a result of the oxidation or alteration
of primary minerals were associated with the labile and bioleachable fractions of As. Compared to simulated abiotic processes
using sterilization, the indigenous bacteria activated using a carbon source were able to enhance the dissolution of As under
both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The bacterial dissolution of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) was found to occur simultaneously
with the dissolution of As, suggesting that the main bacterial mechanism was via the dissimilatory reduction of Fe(III),
Mn(IV), and As(V). An anaerobic environment was more favorable for the prominent dissolution of As in the tailing soils. These
results indicate that the mobilization of As can be enhanced in the oxygen-depleted part of the tailing dump, particularly
with the infiltration of organic substrates. The difference in the degree of As lixiviation between the three tailing soils
was found to be related to the bioavailability of As as well as the original biomass in the tailing soils. 相似文献
996.
Enver Guler Deniz Ozakdag Muserref Arda Mithat Yuksel Nalan Kabay 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2010,32(4):335-339
The effect of feed seawater temperature on the quality of product water in a reverse osmosis process was investigated using
typical seawater at Urla Bay, Izmir region, Turkey. The tests were carried out at different feed seawater temperatures (11–23°C)
using two RO modules with one membrane element each. A number of variables, including pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids,
salinity, rejection percentage of a number of ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO3
−, and SO4
2−), and the levels of boron and turbidities in collected permeates, were measured. The suitability of these permeates as irrigation
and drinking water was checked by comparison with water quality standards. 相似文献
997.
In this paper, we propose a semiparametric survival model to investigate the pattern of spatial and temporal variation in
disease prevalence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in wild deer in Wisconsin over the years 2002 and 2006. The semiparametric
survival model we suggested allows to build a more flexible model than the parametric model with fewer parametric assumptions
by modeling the baseline hazard using a Gamma process prior. Based on the proposed model, we investigate the geographical
distribution of CWD, and assess the effect of sex on disease prevalence. We use a Bayesian hierarchical framework where latent
parameters capture temporal and spatial trends in disease incidence, incorporating sex and spatially correlated random effects.
We also propose bivariate baseline hazard which change over age and time simultaneously to adopt different effects of age
and time on the baseline hazard. Inference is carried out by using MCMC simulation techniques in a fully Bayesian framework.
Our results suggest that disease has been spreaded mainly in the disease eradication zone and male deer show a significantly
higher infection probability than female deer. 相似文献
998.
Jorge M. Mendes Patrícia Cortés de Zea Bermudez José Pereira K. F. Turkman M. J. P. Vasconcelos 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2010,17(1):1-28
In Portugal, due to the combination of climatological and ecological factors, large wildfires are a constant threat and due
to their economic impact, a big policy issue. In order to organize efficient fire fighting capacity and resource management,
correct quantification of the risk of large wildfires are needed. In this paper, we quantify the regional risk of large wildfire
sizes, by fitting a Generalized Pareto distribution to excesses over a suitably chosen high threshold. Spatio-temporal variations
are introduced into the model through model parameters with suitably chosen link functions. The inference on these models
are carried using Bayesian Hierarchical Models and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. 相似文献
999.
Traditionally it has been assumed by ecologists that the dispersion of positions with respect to leks of female capercaillies
during the mating season is superior to the dispersion of positions of male capercaillies. However some recently published
articles suggest the idea that dispersion is not sex-biased, but both sexes show a similar dispersion. This article introduces
a mathematical model to approach the study of the above question by means of an indexed dispersion criterion. This model is
developed in detail thus deriving its main mathematical properties. On this basis, the model is applied to the analysis of
the motivating problem with real data of positions of leks and female and male capercaillies. The results derived by means
of the model put into doubt the traditional assumption of a superior dispersion of females supporting the new theories, that
is, both sexes show a similar dispersion. 相似文献
1000.
Susan Barrett Peter Whittle Kerrie Mengersen Richard Stoklosa 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2010,17(4):503-519
We consider the problem of designing a surveillance system to detect a broad range of invasive species across a heterogeneous
sampling frame. We present a model to detect a range of invertebrate invasives whilst addressing the challenges of multiple
data sources, stratifying for differential risk, managing labour costs and providing sufficient power of detection. We determine
the number of detection devices required and their allocation across the landscape within limiting resource constraints. The
resulting plan will lead to reduced financial and ecological costs and an optimal surveillance system. 相似文献