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381.
Realising a resilient and sustainable built environment: towards a strategic agenda for the United Kingdom 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent natural and human-induced emergencies have highlighted the vulnerability of the built environment. Although most emergency events are not entirely unexpected, and the effects can be mitigated, emergency managers in the United Kingdom have not played a sufficiently proactive role in the mitigation of such events. If a resilient and sustainable built environment is to be achieved, emergency management should be more proactive and receive greater input from the stakeholders responsible for the planning, design, construction and operation of the built environment. This paper highlights the need for emergency management to take a more systematic approach to hazard mitigation by integrating more with professions from the construction sector. In particular, design changes may have to be considered, critical infrastructures must be protected, planning policies should be reviewed, and resilient and sustainable agendas adopted by all stakeholders. 相似文献
382.
383.
Evaluation of the Contribution of Genetic Research to the Management of the Endangered Plant Zieria prostrata 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Abstract: Zieria prostrata (Rutaceae) is known from only four headlands within a 3-km stretch of coastline in New South Wales, Australia. The species was presumed to have occurred at a headland 24 km south of its present range. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis to assess patterns of genetic variation within and among the extant populations. The analysis also included an individual reputedly rescued from the now extinct population. A high level of population divergence was revealed by principal coordinate analysis and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA; 37% among populations). Our genetic findings provide implications for the conservation management of the species. First, the loss of any one population would lead to a severe loss of genetic variation. Second, an adequate ex situ collection must sample the full range of genetic diversity from all populations. Third, the consequences of mixing populations may be an important conservation consideration if further translocations proceed. Fourth, the individual apparently sampled prior to its population extinction is genetically similar to individuals from one of the extant sites. This degree of similarity was unexpected and, after further investigation, led to the conclusion that prior existence of the species at the site is doubtful. Subsequently, a planned reintroduction program was abandoned. So far, of these four management implications, only the last has had a direct management outcome. Those implications that failed to lead to practical management outcomes did so because the same management recommendations could be obtained without genetic research. Clearly, the challenge for more effective conservation is to identify those cases in which genetic studies are likely to produce practical outcomes for conservation managers. This may be best achieved by assessing the outcomes of genetic studies already conducted. 相似文献
384.
Tripole S Gonzalez P Vallania A Garbagnati M Mallea M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,114(1-3):377-389
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of acid mine drainage on the chemistry and the macrobenthos of the Carolina stream (San Luis – Argentina). Samples were obtained in the years 1997–1998 at two sites: site C1, located 200 m upstream of the drainage, and site C2, located 800 m downstream. The system buffer capacity was evaluated in the non – contaminated site by means of the buffer index calculation. The physico – chemical changes observed as a consequence of the contribution of acid mine drainage (AMD) were: a decreasing of pH and an increase in the ionic concentration, especially sulfate and Fe coming from the oxidation produced by chemiolithotrophic bacteria. The values obtained indicated a low buffer capacity and a high intrinsic vulnerability of the system to resist the impact originated by the AMD, producing a remarkable decreasing of pH of the receiving stream. These changes caused modifications in the original benthic community that was replaced by organisms more tolerant to the acid stress. A reduction in the abundance and in the taxonomic richness of the benthic macroinvertebrates was observed when compared with the reference station. An increase in the proportion of Chironomidae and of Acari and a decrease in the proportion of the remaining taxa were observed. The most sensitive groups were Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera and Mollusca. The community was mostly affected by the following variables: pH, conductivity, sulfate and dissolved total Fe. 相似文献
385.
Spatial and Temporal Trends of Physicochemical Parameters in the Water of the Reconquista River (Buenos Aires, Argentina) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Castañé PM Rovedatti MG Topalián ML Salibián A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,117(1-3):135-144
The Reconquista river is one of the most polluted watercourses in Argentina. More than 3 million people and over 10,000 industries
are settled on its basin. The available data show that pollution is mainly related to the discharge of domestic and industrial
liquid wastes that are poured into the river almost untreated. At present no site of the river can be characterized as free
of pollutants. Samples were taken monthly from 5 sites of the river; some 18–20 physicochemical parameters were determined
in each sample. Analyses revealed significant differences in the degree of deterioration between sites. Two of them, close
to the source of the river (Cascallares-S1 and Paso del Rey-S2) resulted less polluted than the two points located close to the mouth of the river (San Martin-S4 and Bancalari-S5). The worsening of the water quality in S4–S5 was attributed to the discharges of the Moron stream, a tributary that flows into the main course of the river a complex
mixture of non treated waste waters. PCA was used in the ordination of samples (sites, season and physicochemical parameters).
In the PCA performed using all variables, the first principal component showed positive correlation with N-NH4
+, conductivity, orthophosphate, BOD5, COD and alkalinity, and negative correlation with DO. The second principal component was positively correlated with pH,
temperature and chlorophyll a and negatively with phenols and hardness. In respect to the spatial distribution, the plot of the scores for the first two
components of samples taken in each sampling station showed S1 and S2 values displayed farthest at the left side of the X axis with high DO. In contrast, S4 and S5 values stayed at the right side of this axis with high N-NH4
+, conductivity, orthophosphate, BOD5, COD and alkalinity; data of S3 were “intermediate". In order to identify seasonal trends in the concentration of contaminants scores of cases labeled by
season were plotted. The line drawn on the ordination plane showed that summer samples tended to converge to the upper right
portion of the graph where pollution variables had more importance on the first axis, and along the second axis with high
correlation with pH, temperature and chlorophyll a. Winter scores were settled in the left lower part of the plot with minor contribution of pollution parameters and more importance
of DO on the first axis. Samples of autumn and spring did not fit a clear cut pattern.
Deceased 相似文献
386.
Muñiz Sierra Héctor Díaz-Somoano Mercedes Šyc Michal Shtukaturova Anastasia González La Fuente José Manuel Baizán Patricia Díaz Megido Laura 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2023,25(3):1672-1687
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The correct management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a critical factor in the protection of the environment, as well as a source for the... 相似文献
387.
Gast n Azziz Mat as Gim nez H ctor Romero Patricia M. Valdespino-Castillo Luisa I. Falc n Lucas A. M. Ruberto Walter P. Mac Cormack Silvia Batista 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2019,13(3):44
388.
The influence of dietary elemental contents on consumer stoichiometry was investigated in selected and combined soft tissues (as a proxy of the whole individual) of the omnivorous sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus. We raised urchins for 4 months in controlled seawater tanks using three different diets with different nutritional contents (from lower to higher: seagrass, red macroalgae, and a formulated diet). Individuals fed the different diets varied an average of 19.7, 19.4, and 38 % in C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios, respectively, with stronger temporal variability for C:P and N:P ratios across tissues and whole individuals. This resulted in homeostasis parameters (1/H) of ?0.45, 0.09, and 0.38, respectively, for C:N, C:P, and N:P, indicative of homeostatic to weakly homeostatic organisms, at least for C:P and N:P ratios. Individuals fed the nutrient-rich formulated diet had higher growth rates (14 ± 0.83 g WW month?1) than those fed macroalgae or seagrass (9.3 ± 0.57 and 3.4 ± 0.33 g WW month?1, respectively). However, rapid body increments in more nutritional diets caused both a decrease in the %N and an increase in the %P of soft tissues, which resulted in significant but opposite effects of diet stoichiometry and growth in sea urchin C:N (R = ?0.74 and R = 0.93, for diet and growth effects, respectively) and N:P ratios (R = 0.60 and R = ?0.63, also, respectively, for diet and growth effects). Among potential compensatory mechanisms helping to preserve certain levels of homeostasis, ingestion rates (g WW diet per g WW of urchin) were higher for seagrass and macroalgae diets than for the nutrient-rich formulated diet. In contrast, absorption and growth efficiencies displayed significant negative associations with nutrient contents in diets and did not exhibit nutritional compensation. Overall, our results suggest that resource stoichiometry strongly determines the growth rate of individuals (R = 0.88, P < 0.01), and moderate variability in C:N:P ratios of sea urchins possibly arise from differences in the allocation of proteins and RNA to body components, similarly to what has been proposed by the growth rate hypothesis. 相似文献
389.
Most studies examining escape behaviour have considered single approaches and single fleeing responses; few have considered how organisms’ response is influenced by persistent pursuit. We explored fleeing behaviour of two grasshopper species to test whether they modified escape behaviour when approached repeatedly. Schistocerca alutacea did not increase flight initiation distance (FID) upon repeated approach but fled farther. Psinidia fenestralis increased its FID on the second approach but decreased its flight distance over successive escapes. Both species showed a bimodal pattern of flight direction, either flying directly away or flying perpendicular to the direction of the observer’s approach. Neither species showed a significant pattern of flight direction or change in flight direction with successive escapes. Most (88 %) P. fenestralis initially landed on sand, but after repeated approaches an increasing proportion landed in grass and hid. Both species therefore changed escape behaviour with persistent pursuit but used different tactics, suiting their flight ability or camouflage, and optimised habitat use. Three grasshopper species have now been examined for responses to repeated approach by predators and all show different tactics supporting escape decision theory. Our results emphasise the variety of escape responses across species and how the dynamic nature of escape responses vary according to an animal’s situation. Rather than single optimum escape options, each grasshopper species shows a range of responses, which vary with risk from persistent predators. Although grasshoppers provide an excellent model, it would be profitable to examine responses of a range of species according to levels of predation risk. 相似文献
390.
Alejandra G. Ramos Schyler O. Nunziata Stacey L. Lance Cristina Rodríguez Brant C. Faircloth Patricia Adair Gowaty Hugh Drummond 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(10):1603-1609
Females sometimes obtain older sires for their offspring through extra-pair interactions, but how female age influences paternity is largely unexplored and interactive effects across the age span of both sexes have not been analyzed. To test whether female choice of sire age varies with female age in the blue-footed booby (Sula nebouxii), we examined associations between ages of both partners and the probability of extra-pair paternity (EPP) in 350 broods of parents up to 22 years old in a single breeding season. Extra-pair paternity enables a female to select an alternative sire for her offspring and could function to avoid or achieve particular combinations of parental ages. A male age?×?female age interaction revealed that in young females (≤4 years), EPP decreased with increasing age of the social partner, whereas in old females (≥8 years), it increased. Moreover, sires of extra-pair (EP) chicks of young females paired to young males were on average 6.33 years older than the females’ social partners. Since female boobies control copulatory access, this pattern could imply that young females choose old sires for their proven genetic quality and that old females avoid very old males because matings with them may risk infertility or genetic defects in offspring. Taking female age into account and observing across the whole age span may be necessary for understanding female age-based mate choice. 相似文献