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501.
There is a general consensus that the diversity of a biotic community can have an influence on its stability, but the strength, ubiquity, and relative importance of this effect is less clear. In the context of biological invasions, diversity has usually been studied in terms of its effect on a community's invasibility, but diversity may also influence stability by affecting the magnitude of compositional or functional changes experienced by a community upon invasion. We examined the impacts of invasive ants on arthropod communities at five natural area sites in the Hawaiian Islands, and assessed whether differences among sites in community diversity and density variables were related to measures of stability. Ant invasion was usually associated with significant changes in overall community composition, as measured by Bray-Curtis distances, particularly among endemic subsets of the communities. Changes in mean species richness were also strong at three of the five sites. Among sites, diversity was negatively related to stability as measured by resistance to overall compositional change, but this effect could not be separated from the strong negative effect of invasive ant density on compositional stability. When compositional stability was measured as proportional change in richness, the best predictor of stability among endemic community subsets was endemic richness, with richer communities losing proportionately more species than species-poor communities. This effect was highly significant even after controlling for differences in invasive ant density and suggested that communities that had already lost many endemic species were resistant to further species loss upon ant invasion, while more intact communities remained vulnerable to species loss. Communities underwent strong but idiosyncratic functional shifts in association with ant invasion, both in terms of trophic structure and total arthropod biomass. There were no apparent relationships, however, between functional stability and community diversity or density measures. Instead, invasive ant density was the best among-site predictor of the magnitude of functional change. Overall, diversity appeared to be a poor predictor of stability in the face of ant invasion in these communities, possibly because any actual diversity effects were overshadowed by community-specific factors and variation in the magnitude of the ant-mediated perturbation. 相似文献
502.
Many young birds on the Arctic tundra are confronted by a challenging task: they must molt their feathers and accumulate fat stores for the autumn migration before climatic conditions deteriorate. Our understanding of the costs and constraints associated with these stages is extremely limited. We investigated post-juvenal molt and premigratory fattening in free-ranging juvenile White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) on the Arctic tundra. We found evidence for trade-offs between premigratory fat accumulation and molt: heavily molting birds had significantly less fat. Birds increased the rate of fat accumulation as the season progressed, but we found no evidence of a similar increase in rate of molt. Using a controlled captive study to isolate the energetic costs of body feather replacement, we found no difference in fat or size-corrected mass of birds actively growing body feathers as compared to controls. Molting birds, however, consumed 17% more food than controls, suggesting a significant cost of body feather growth. Our results provide evidence of significant costs, constraints, and trade-offs associated with post-juvenal molt and premigratory fat accumulation in young Arctic birds. 相似文献
503.
Gro Harlaug Olsen Michael L. Carroll Paul E. Renaud William G. AmbroseJr Ragni Olssøn JoLynn Carroll 《Marine Biology》2007,151(6):2167-2176
We assessed the effects of crude oil and drill cuttings on sediment oxygen demand (SOD) of marine benthic communities from
Arctic (Barents Sea) and temperate (Oslofjord) areas of the Norwegian continental shelf. Field-collected cores in both areas
were subjected to three different treatments: two concentrations of hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments, and drill cuttings
(DC). Cores were incubated for 21 days at 5°C (Barents Sea) and at 10°C (Oslofjord) during which SOD was measured five times.
We observed significantly higher SOD in the high oil concentration (HOC) and DC treatments compared to control cores from
the Arctic, but not in the temperate Oslofjord. No difference was observed between the low oil concentration (LOC) and control
at either location. The clear differences in the response of Arctic benthic communities to petroleum compounds compared to
temperate benthic communities is likely related to differences in community structure, sensitivity of individual taxa to petroleum-related
compounds and different contamination history of the two study areas. 相似文献
504.
湖南市场和污染区稻米中As、Pb、Cd污染及其健康风险评价 总被引:37,自引:4,他引:37
为了更好地了解和评价湖南大米中As、Pb和Cd含量及其对人体的健康影响,在对湖南矿区和冶炼区水稻土壤重金属污染调查的基础上,分别以湖南各地市场大米和污染区当地生产的稻谷样品为例,对其进行重金属含量分析及对人体的健康风险评价.结果表明,湖南各地市场大米样品中As、Pb和Cd的平均含量分别是0.20、0.20和0.28mg·kg-1,其中,衡阳市场大米中的As、Pb和Cd含量最高,其次是株洲和湘潭市场的大米.污染区稻谷中As、Pb和Cd含量分布均为:谷壳糙米精米,污染区精米中As、Pb和Cd的含量分别是0.24、0.21和0.65mg·kg-1,其中,来自衡阳常宁市水口山铅/锌矿区的稻谷样品中的As、Pb和Cd含量最高,其次是株洲清水塘冶炼区和湘潭锰矿区的稻谷.与市场大米样品相比,污染区精米中As、Pb和Cd的平均含量比市场大米样品高.无论是市场大米样品,还是从污染区稻田采集的稻米,均以衡阳地区稻米中的As、Pb和Cd污染最为严重,其次为株洲和湘潭地区.在As、Pb和Cd的健康风险评价中,Cd是湖南各地稻米中影响人体健康的主要因子,株洲和湘潭的Cd污染区达到90%以上,其次是As和Pb. 相似文献
505.
Hosein Ghaedi Payam Kalhor Ming Zhao Peter T. Clough Edward J. Anthony Paul S. Fennell 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(7):92
506.
Li X Yin Yeung LW Xu M Taniyasu S Lam PK Yamashita N Dai J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):1298-1303
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in zooplankton and five fish species collected from Gaobeidian Lake, which receives discharge from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. The mean total PFCs in five fish were in the order: crucian carp > common carp > leather catfish > white semiknife carp > tilapia. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) occurred at the greatest concentrations, with mean concentrations ranging from 5.74 to 64.2 ng/ml serum. Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was the second dominant PFC in fish samples except for common carp in which perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) was dominant. A positive linear relationship (r2 = 0.85, p < 0.05) was observed between ln PFOS concentrations (ln ng/ml) and trophic level (based on δ15N) if tilapia was excluded. The risk assessment showed that PFOS might not pose an immediate risk to fish in Gaobeidian Lake. 相似文献
507.
Predicting Satisfaction with Smart Irrigation Controllers and Their Long‐Term Use among Homeowners in Central Florida 下载免费PDF全文
Maria C. Morera Paul F. Monaghan Michael D. Dukes Eliza Breder 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2017,53(4):929-943
Studies throughout Florida have shown smart controllers can substantially reduce irrigation under residential high‐water use conditions. However, successful promotion requires understanding the link between controller performance and the mechanisms by which they are adopted. This article compares irrigation water‐use and survey data collected from households installed with soil moisture sensor and evapotranspiration controllers. The study investigated whether the relative change in irrigation use between two years preceding and two years following installation was a reliable predictor of a homeowner's satisfaction with the device and likelihood of continuing to use it. Results indicated relative changes in irrigation use were only significantly associated with the quality of controller programming. Satisfaction with the controller was largely attributable to satisfaction with the appearance of the landscape and the perceived water‐saving effectiveness of the controller whereas the likelihood of its continued use was only significantly predicted by the level of technical knowledge regarding its functioning and whether or not challenges were experienced with it. Targeting homeowners with supplemental user‐friendly information may best support their long‐term adoption of smart controllers while providing irrigation contractors with training in implementation techniques would represent an integrated strategy for added reductions in residential outdoor water use. 相似文献
508.
Importance of Sediment–Water Interactions in Coeur d’Alene Lake,Idaho, USA: Management Implications 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kuwabara JS Carter JL Topping BR Fend SV Woods PF Berelson WM Balistrieri LS 《Environmental management》2003,32(3):348-359
A field study at Coeur dAlene Lake, Idaho, USA, was conducted between October 1998 and August 2001 to examine the potential importance of sediment–water interactions on contaminant transport and to provide the first direct measurements of the benthic flux of dissolved solutes of environmental concern in this lake. Because of potential ecological effects, dissolved zinc and orthophosphate were the solutes of primary interest. Results from deployments of an in situ flux chamber indicated that benthic fluxes of dissolved Zn and orthophosphate were comparable in magnitude to riverine inputs. Tracer analyses and benthic-community metrics provided evidence that solute benthic flux were diffusion-controlled at the flux-chamber deployment sites. That is, effects of biomixing (or bioturbation) and ground-water interactions did not strongly influence benthic flux. Remediation efforts in the river might not produce desired water-quality effects in the lake because imposed shifts in concentration gradients near the sediment–water interface would generate a benthic feedback response. Therefore, development of water-quality models to justify remediation strategies requires consideration of contaminant flux between the water column and underlying sediment in basins that have been affected by long-term (decadal) anthropogenic activities. 相似文献
509.
Melanie D. Harrison Andrew J. Miller Peter M. Groffman Paul M. Mayer Sujay S. Kaushal 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2014,50(6):1365-1382
Although wetlands are known to be sinks for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), their function in urban watersheds remains unclear. We analyzed water and nitrate (NO3?) and phosphate (PO43?) dynamics during precipitation events in two oxbow wetlands that were created during geomorphic stream restoration in Baltimore County, Maryland that varied in the nature and extent of connectivity to the adjacent stream. Oxbow 1 (Ox1) received 1.6‐4.2% and Oxbow 2 (Ox2) received 4.2‐7.4% of cumulative streamflow during storm events from subsurface seepage (Ox1) and surface flow (Ox2). The retention time of incoming stormwater ranged from 0.2 to 6.7 days in Ox1 and 1.8 to 4.3 days in Ox2. Retention rates in the wetlands ranged from 0.25 to 2.74 g N/m2/day in Ox1 and 0.29 to 1.94 g N/m2/day in Ox2. Percent retention of the NO3?‐N load that entered the wetlands during the storm events ranged from 64 to 87% and 23 to 26%, in Ox1 and Ox2, respectively. During all four storm events, Ox1 and Ox2 were a small net source of dissolved PO43? to the adjacent stream (i.e., more P exited than entered the wetland), releasing P at a rate of 0.23‐20.83 mg P/m2/day and 3.43‐24.84 mg P/m2/day, respectively. N and P removal efficiency of the oxbows were regulated by hydrologic connectivity, hydraulic loading, and retention time. Incidental oxbow wetlands have potential to receive urban stream and storm flow and to be significant N sinks, but they may be sources of P in urban watersheds. 相似文献
510.
Do Habitat Corridors Provide Connectivity? 总被引:33,自引:1,他引:33