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501.
Maria Lumbierres Prabhat Raj Dahal Moreno Di Marco Stuart H. M. Butchart Paul F. Donald Carlo Rondinini 《Conservation biology》2022,36(3):e13851
Area of habitat (AOH) is defined as the “habitat available to a species, that is, habitat within its range” and is calculated by subtracting areas of unsuitable land cover and elevation from the range. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Habitats Classification Scheme provides information on species habitat associations, and typically unvalidated expert opinion is used to match habitat to land-cover classes, which generates a source of uncertainty in AOH maps. We developed a data-driven method to translate IUCN habitat classes to land cover based on point locality data for 6986 species of terrestrial mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. We extracted the land-cover class at each point locality and matched it to the IUCN habitat class or classes assigned to each species occurring there. Then, we modeled each land-cover class as a function of IUCN habitat with (SSG, using) logistic regression models. The resulting odds ratios were used to assess the strength of the association between each habitat and land-cover class. We then compared the performance of our data-driven model with those from a published translation table based on expert knowledge. We calculated the association between habitat classes and land-cover classes as a continuous variable, but to map AOH as binary presence or absence, it was necessary to apply a threshold of association. This threshold can be chosen by the user according to the required balance between omission and commission errors. Some habitats (e.g., forest and desert) were assigned to land-cover classes with more confidence than others (e.g., wetlands and artificial). The data-driven translation model and expert knowledge performed equally well, but the model provided greater standardization, objectivity, and repeatability. Furthermore, our approach allowed greater flexibility in the use of the results and uncertainty to be quantified. Our model can be modified for regional examinations and different taxonomic groups. 相似文献
502.
Aron Jordan Albert Paul S. Gribble Matthew O. 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2022,29(3):557-585
Environmental and Ecological Statistics - Dinophysis spp. can produce diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) including okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins, and some strains can also produce non-diarrheic... 相似文献
503.
Glucosinolates, trichomes, nitrogen, and carbon are not distributed uniformly through the canopies of mustards. In this study, we asked whether glucosinolate concentrations and trichome densities in two sympatric mustards, Brassica kaber and B. nigra, are highest in tissues of greatest value to the plant. We also asked whether nitrogen or carbon content is the stronger predictor of tissue value, and what fraction of each resource is incorporated in glucosinolates. To quantify tissue values, we removed three equal-area fractions (lower, middle, and upper) from the canopies of B. kaber and B. nigra in the greenhouse, as well as whole canopies of naturally growing B. nigra in the field, at two times during growth and measured reductions in their performance relative to controls. We also measured trichome density in both experiments, as well as glucosinolate, nitrogen, and carbon concentrations for the equal-area fractions in the greenhouse. We found that upper leaves had the highest glucosinolate concentrations, trichome densities, and tissue values. Furthermore, young plants in the field had higher trichome densities and tissue values than did older plants. Collectively, these data provide strong support for optimal defense theory and are among the first such evidence for glucosinolates and for physical defenses. The positive relationship between trichome density and tissue value was strong even after we accounted for the effects of leaf expansion. While nitrogen and carbon have both received attention as currencies for trade-offs, our data suggest that nitrogen concentration is a significantly better predictor of tissue value in these two mustard species. Interestingly, <1% of the nitrogen or carbon in leaves was incorporated in glucosinolates, which may explain why glucosinolates lack a consistent response to nitrogen fertilization. 相似文献
504.
Strong variability in bacterioplankton abundance and production in central and western Bay of Bengal
Veronica Fernandes Nagappa Ramaiah Jane T. Paul Sugandha Sardessai R. Jyoti Babu Mangesh Gauns 《Marine Biology》2008,153(5):975-985
With large influx of freshwater that decreases sea-surface salinities, weak wind forcing of <10 m s−1 and almost always warm (>28°C) sea-surface temperature that stratifies and shallows the mixed layer leading to low or no
nutrient injections into the surface, primary production in Bay of Bengal is reportedly low. As a consequence, the Bay of
Bengal is considered as a region of low biological productivity. Along with many biological parameters, bacterioplankton abundance
and production were measured in the Bay of Bengal during post monsoon (September–October 2002) along an open ocean transect,
in the central Bay (CB, 88°E) and the other transect in the western Bay (WB). The latter representing the coastal influenced
shelf/slope waters. Bacterioplankton abundances (<2 × 109cells l−1) were similar to those reported from the HNLC equatorial Pacific and the highly productive northern Arabian Sea. Yet, the
thymidine uptake rates along CB (average of 1.46 pM h−1) and WB (average of 1.40 pM h−1) were less than those from the northwestern Indian Ocean. These abundances and uptake rates were higher than those in the
oligotrophic northwestern Sargasso Sea (<7 × 108 cells l−1; av 1.0 pM h−1). Concentrations of chlorophyll a (chl a), primary production rates and total organic carbon (TOC) were also measured for a comparison of heterotrophic and autotrophic
production. In the WB, bacterioplankton carbon biomass equaled ∼ 95% of chl a carbon than just 31% in the CB. Average bacterial:primary production (BP:PP) ratios accounted for 29% in the CB and 31% in
the WB. This is mainly due to lower primary productivity (PP) in the WB (281 mg C m−2 d−1) than in the CB (306 mg C m−2 day−1). This study indicates that bacteria–phytoplankton relationship differs in the open (CB) and coastal waters (WB). Higher
abundance and contrastingly low bacterial production (BP) in WB may be because of the riverine bacteria, brought in through
discharges, becoming dormant and unable to reproduce in salinities of 28 or more psu. Heterotrophic bacteria appear to utilize
in situ DOC rather rapidly and their carbon demand is ∼50% of daily primary production. It is also apparent that allochthonous
organic matter, in particular in the western Bay, is important for meeting their carbon demand. 相似文献
505.
Graham Bird Mark G. Macklin Paul A. Brewer Sorin Zaharia Dan Balteanu Basarab Driga Mihaela Serban 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(6):741-758
Groundwater, accessed using wells and municipal springs, represents the major source of potable water for the human population
outside of major urban areas in northwestern Romania, a region with a long history of metal mining and metallurgy. The magnitude
and spatial distribution of metal contamination in private-supply groundwater was investigated in four mining-affected river
catchments in Maramureş and Satu Mare Counties through the collection of 144 groundwater samples. Bedrock geology, pH and
Eh were found to be important controls on the solubility of metals in groundwater. Peak metal concentrations were found to
occur in the Lapuş catchment, where metal levels exceed Dutch target and intervention values in up to 49% and 14% of samples,
respectively. A 700 m wide corridor in the Lapuş catchment on either side of the main river channel was identified in which
peak Cd (31 μg l−1), Cu (50 μg l−1), Pb (50 μg l−1) and Zn (3,000 μg l−1) concentrations were found to occur. Given the generally similar bedrock geologies, lower metal levels in other catchments
are believed to reflect differences in the magnitude of metal loading to the local environment from both metal mining and
other industrial and municipal sources. Sampling of groundwater in northwestern Romania has indicated areas of potential concern
for human health, where heavy metal concentrations exceed accepted environmental quality guidelines. The presence of elevated
metal levels in groundwater also has implications for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) and achieving
‘good’ status for groundwater in this part of the Danube River Basin District (RBD). 相似文献
506.
507.
Mark C. McKinstry Paul Caffrey Stanley H. Anderson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(6):1571-1577
ABSTRACT: Beaver (Castor canadensis) are habitat‐modifying keystone species, and their activities broadly influence many other plants and animals. Beaver are especially important to waterfowl in the western U.S. where riparian and wetland habitats comprise less than 2 percent of the landscape yet provide habitat for greater than 80 percent of wildlife species. Wyoming is currently ranked sixth of the 50 states in the size of its breeding waterfowl population, and beaver ponds may play a significant role in providing habitat for these birds. The objectives of this research were to: (1) identify streams in Wyoming where beaver are currently present, extirpated, or used to manage riparian habitat; (2) identify areas where beaver could be relocated to create wetlands and improve riparian habitat; (3) compare wetland surface areas between areas that have beaver with those that did not; and (4) compare waterfowl numbers in areas with and without beaver. Using a survey of 125 land managers in Wyoming, we found that beaver have been removed from 23 percent (6,497 kin) of the streams for which managers had direct knowledge (28,297 kin). The same managers estimated that there are over 3,500 km of streams where beaver could improve habitat conditions. The riparian width in streams with beaver ponds averaged 33.9 m (95 percent CI = 25.1–42.7 m) in contrast to 10.5 m (CI = 8.6–12.4 m) in streams without beaver. During waterfowl surveys we counted 7.5 ducks/km (CI = O.9–14.4 ducks/kin) of stream in areas with beaver ponds and only O.1 ducks/km (no CIs calculated) of stream in similar areas without beaver present. Beginning in 1994, we restored beaver to 14 streams throughout Wyoming in an effort to create wetlands and improve riparian habitat. Waterfowl have been quick to respond to these important habitats. We feel that beaver restoration and management can be used to improve habitat in drainages where conflicts with other land uses are minimal. 相似文献
508.
Matthew E. Baker Michael J. Wiley Paul W Seelbach 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(6):1615-1628
ABSTRACT: Riparian buffers have potential for reducing excess nutrient levels in surface water. Spatial variation in riparian buffer effectiveness is well recognized, yet researchers and managers still lack effective general tools for understanding the relevance of different hydrologic settings. We present several terrain‐based GIS models to predict spatial patterns of shallow, subsurface hydrologic flux and riparian hydrology. We then link predictions of riparian hydrology to patterns of nutrient export in order to demonstrate potential for augmenting the predictive power of land use/land cover (LU/LC) maps. Using predicted hydrology in addition to LUILC, we observed increases in the explained variation of nutrient exports from 290 sites across Lower Michigan. The results suggest that our hydrologic predictions relate more strongly to patterns of nutrient export than the presence or absence of wetland vegetation, and that in fact the influence of vegetative structure largely depends on its hydrologic context. Such GIS models are useful and complimentary tools for exploring the role of hydrologic routing in riparian ecosystem function and stream water quality. Modeling efforts that take a similar GIS approach to material transport might be used to further explore the causal implications of riparian buffers in heterogeneous watersheds. 相似文献
509.
W. C. Sidle D. L. Roose Paul Barndt 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(2):379-393
ABSTRACT: Environmental background levels of Pb were measured in ponds, river waters, sediments, suspended sediments, rocks, and air particulates within the Kankakee watershed during the period of 1995 to 1999. Stable isotopic Pb distinguished airborne Pb and its incorporation into riverine wetland sediments from geogenic Pb measured in river sediments. The provenance of the naturally‐occurring Pb is from carbonate bedrock and contributes comparable concentrations in riverbank sediments (25.9–30.4 mg kg?1) as Pb found in wetland sediments (18.6–24.8 mg kg?1). Estimates of anthropogenic Pb contributions from airfall into the Kankakee wetlands were found to be near 0.43–0.71 Bq cm?2 yr?1 during 1995 to 1999. While leachable Pb data suggests the uppermost layers of pond sediments were disturbed, 210Pb analyses from undisturbed sedimentation suggests Pb‐bearing sediments accumulate approximately 0.46–0.51 cm yr?1 in the ponds within the riparian zones. Transboundary Pb pollution from aerosols of industrial Pb across the Great Lakes occurs, but Pb isotopy indicates that the Pb concentrations are comparable to natural concentrations of Pb in both waters and sediments within the Kankakee watershed. 相似文献
510.